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Накопление отходов производства и их влияние на состояние подземных вод в Республике Беларусь

Накопление отходов производства и их влияние на состояние подземных вод в Республике Беларусь

Abstract

Промышленное производство неизбежно сопровождается образованием и накоплением значительных объемов отходов, которые оказывают негативное воздействие на природную среду, в том числе на подземные воды. В Республике Беларусь одним из основных источников такого воздействия являются накопленные крупнотоннажные отходы химической и деревообрабатывающей промышленности, представленные в виде отвалов и шламохранилищ. Проанализирована динамика образования и накопления отходов производства в Республике Беларусь за 2000–2022 гг. Установлена общая тенденция роста образования отходов производства со среднегодовым темпом 4,8%. Накопленные отходы производства за этот же период времени возросли на 88,7%. Среди общего объема образующихся отходов производства до 99% приходится на крупнотоннажные отходы, представленные галитом, фосфогипсом и гидролизным лигнином. Рассмотрен компонентный состав крупнотоннажных накопленных отходов производства и веществ – загрязнителей подземных вод, среди которых хлориды, сульфаты, фосфаты, аммонийный азот. Обобщены пути и механизмы миграции загрязняющих веществ в пределах территорий размещения отходов производства, которые в целом обусловлены уплотнением свежеотсыпаемых отходов, выщелачиванием атмосферными осадками с поверхности отвалов и ветровой эрозией. Оценена динамика развития загрязнения в пределах объектов размещения отходов производства, которая свидетельствует об устойчивом, на протяжении десятилетий, загрязнении подземных вод. Загрязнению подвержены грунтовые и межпластовые воды. Концентрации загрязняющих веществ в десятки и сотни раз превышают ПДК для вод хозяйственно-питьевого назначения. Масштабы распространения загрязнения в зависимости от объекта воздействия проявляются на площадях от сотен до тысяч гектаров. Industrial production is inevitably accompanied by the formation and accumulation of significant volumes of waste, which have a negative impact on the natural environment, including groundwater. In the Republic of Belarus, one of the main sources of such impact is accumulated large-tonnage waste from the chemical and woodworking industries, presented in the form of dumps and sludge storage facilities. For the period 2000–2022 the dynamics of the formation and accumulation of industrial waste in the Republic of Belarus has been analyzed. A general trend has been established for the growth of production waste generation with an average annual rate of 4.8%. Accumulated production waste over the same period of time increased by 88.7%. Halite, phosphogypsum, and hydrolytic lignin are the main sources of large-tonnage waste, accounting for up to 99% of the total production waste volume. The component composition of large-tonnage accumulated industrial waste and groundwater pollutants, including chlo- rides, sulfates, phosphates, and ammonium nitrogen, has been considered. The pathways and mechanisms of pollutants migration within industrial waste disposal territories has been generalized. Compaction of fresh dumped waste, precipitation leaching from the surface of dumps, and wind erosion are the main causes of them in general. The dynamics of pollution development within industrial waste disposal sites has been assessed. It indicates persistent groundwater pollution over decades. Contamination can occur in both groundwater and middle water. Concentrations of pollutants are tens and hundreds of times higher than the maximum permissible concentration for drinking water. The spreading of pollution, depending on the object of impact, can happen in areas that range from hundreds to thousands of hectares.

Keywords

Salt dumps, Phosphogypsum dumps, Подземные воды, Industrial waste’s component composition, Отходы производства, Отвалы фосфогипса, Industrial waste, Sludge storage facilities, Солеотвалы, Шламохранилища, Groundwater, Pollution, Компонентный состав отходов производства

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    influence
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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average
Green