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Федерализм в противовес централизму: децентрализация как спасительная идея послевоенного западногерманского консерватизма

Федерализм в противовес централизму: децентрализация как спасительная идея послевоенного западногерманского консерватизма

Abstract

В статье рассматриваются теории государственного устройства, предложенные германскими мыслителями в конце и после Второй мировой войны. Проблема централизованного унитаризма, поставленная перед общественностью трагическим опытом Третьего рейха, провоцирует общественные дискуссии о структуре будущего германского государства. Главным принципом построения второй германской демократии избирается федеративное устройство, которое диктуется как предшествующим историческим опытом Германии, так и послевоенными политическими реалиями. Западные союзники по антигитлеровской коалиции открыто заявляют о намерении провести децентрализацию Германии, что реализуется в создании земель как административно-территориальных единиц, в которых к 1947 г. разрабатываются и принимаются конституции. С другой стороны, на возникновение федеративного западногерманского государства оказывает влияние развертывание «холодной войны» в Европе.

The article examines state theories, offered by German thinkers at the end of World War II. The problem of centralized unitarism, produced by a tragic experience of the Third Reich, provokes public discussions about the structure of the future German state. A federal state which is influenced both by the previous German history and by the postwar realities is chosen as a key principle for building of the second German democracy. West allies in the Anti-Hitler coalition declare their intention to decentralize Germany openly. This purpose is realized in creating the “Länder” as administrative units, where up to 1947 constitutions are worked out and adopted. On the other side, the forming of the West-German state is influenced by the starting of Cold War in Europe.

Keywords

федерализм, унитаризм, оккупация Германии, послевоенное переустройство, демократизация, Федеративная республика Германия, час «ноль», Христианско-демократический союз

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average
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