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От научных лабораторий к судебно-криминалистическим. Развитие судебной экспертизы в XVIII-XIX вв

От научных лабораторий к судебно-криминалистическим. Развитие судебной экспертизы в XVIII-XIX вв

Abstract

The article concerns the history of judicial expertise, its formation and development. The author follows the process of formation of various types and kinds of expertise starting from the 1 st half of XVIII century to the early XX century. Taking examples of judicial accounting, author studies, judicial ballistic and explosion technical expertise, the author views the history of involvement of knowing persons in the judicial process, studying the sources regulating judicial expertise of various kinds in Russia and abroad. The author provides examples of requests by judges and investigators to the renowned scientists in order to arrange expertise of various kinds and types. The special attention is given to the evolution of the judicial expertise due to the development of scientific and technical thought.The author discusses specific features of formation and development of judicial identification based upon the examples of anthropometry, dactilography, and descriptive portrait. The author also pays special attention to the issue of formation and development of judicial photography. The article provides data on the formation of forensic laboratories and the starting age of formation of the judicial expertise institutions.

В статье идет речь об истории судебных экспертиз, их возникновении и развитии. Прослеживается процесс зарождения различных родов и видов экспертиз с первой половины XVIII в. до начала ХХ в. На примере судебно-бухгалтерской, автороведческой, судебно-баллистической и взрывотехнической экспертизы рассматривается история обращения к сведущим лицам в целях осуществления правосудия, а также исследуются источники, регламентирующие судебные экспертизы различных родов и видов как в России, так и за рубежом. Приводятся примеры обращений следователей и судей к известным ученым для производства экспертиз различных родов и видов. Отдельное внимание в работе уделено эволюции судебных экспертиз в связи с развитием научно-технической мысли: затрагиваются особенности возникновения и развития судебной идентификации на примере антропометрии, дактилоскопии и метода составления словесного портрета. Отдельно рассматривается вопрос возникновения и развития судебной фотографии. Приводятся данные о появлении криминалистических лабораторий, о начале формирования судебно-экспертных учреждений.

Keywords

ИСТОРИЯ СУДЕБНЫХ ЭКСПЕРТИЗ,HISTORY OF JUDICIAL EXPERTISE,ДАКТИЛОСКОПИЯ,СУДЕБНО-ЭКСПЕРТНЫЕ ЛАБОРАТОРИИ,JUDICIAL EXPERTISE LABORATORY,АНТРОПОМЕТРИЯ,ANTHROPOMETRY,СУДЕБНАЯ ФОТОГРАФИЯ,JUDICIAL PHOTOGRAPHY,ПОРТРЕТНАЯ ЭКСПЕРТИЗА,DESCRIPTIVE PORTRAIT,ВЗРЫВОТЕХНИЧЕСКАЯ ЭКСПЕРТИЗА,СУДЕБНО-БАЛЛИСТИЧЕСКАЯ ЭКСПЕРТИЗА,JUDICIAL BALLISTIC EXPERTISE,АВТОРОВЕДЧЕСКАЯ ЭКСПЕРТИЗА,СУДЕБНО-БУХГАЛТЕРСКАЯ ЭКСПЕРТИЗА,JUDICIAL ACCOUNTING EXPERTISE,DACTILOGRAPHY,EXPLOSION TECHNICAL EXPERTISE,AUTHOR STUDIES EXPERTISE

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average
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