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Marxism and Political Anthropology: the Possibilities of Methodological Convergence

Marxism and Political Anthropology: the Possibilities of Methodological Convergence

Abstract

К 1990-м годам как историко-материалистический метод, так и неоэволюционистские направления политической антропологии зашли в тупик. Сохранив своё холистическое ядро, а именно понимание человеческой истории как единого всемирно-исторического процесса, многие марксисты пришли к пересмотру традиционной формационной модели, признав фундаментальное сходство социально-экономического строя большинства докапиталистических обществ. Тем не менее, зародившиеся на почве этих сомнений социологические модели оказались слабо восприимчивыми к исторической динамике. С другой стороны, политическая антропология в попытке преодолеть универсально-стадиальный взгляд на общество пришла к представлению о разнонаправленности и вариативности исторического процесса. Вместе с тем её арсенал далек от холизма историко-материалистического метода, основываясь на позитивистских идеях о рядоположенности различных «факторов» в становлении экономического и политического облика древних и традиционных обществ. Возвращение представления о единстве всемирно-исторического процесса, акцент на формах организации труда и способах эксплуатации может значительно углубить познавательный потенциал политической антропологии. С другой стороны, накопленный политическими антропологами огромный эмпирический материал должен послужить отправной точкой для дальнейшего развития марксистского представления об особенностях общественной эволюции докапиталистических обществ.

This article deals with the possibilities of integration of Marxist and neoevolutionary paradigms in history and anthropology. By the 1990s historical materialism and neoevolutionary branch of political anthropology reached a certain theoretical deadlock. Trying to preserve a holistic kernel of historical materialist method, some marxists rejected the traditional five-membered scheme and embraced the fundamental similarity of social and economic nature of majority of known pre-capitalist societies. Yet the new-born model of a unified pre-capitalist formation lacks any historical dynamism. On the other hand, political anthropologists revising their own unified stadial sets developed a new vision which absorbed the concepts of contingency and multilinearity as well as collapse and desintegration in the societal development. Despite this its fundamentals are still based on the positivist theory of «factors». The return of world-wide holistic vision combined with the rediscovery of the traditional subjects of labour systems and modes of exploitation could enrich the euristic and explanatiory potential of political anthropology. Similarly, rich empirical data collected by the political anthropology could serve as a point of departure for deepening the marxist vision of social reproduction in pre-capitalist societies.

Keywords

марксизм; политическая антропология; исторический материализм, Marxism; political anthropology; historical materialism

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
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gold