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Advances in immunotherapy for COVID-19: A comprehensive review
Copyright policy )Advances in immunotherapy for COVID-19: A comprehensive review
COVID-19 is an acute respiratory syndrome caused by SARS-COV-2 which has now become a huge pandemic worldwide. The immunopathogenesis of COVID-19 has been established that increased serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and reduction of the CD4+ and the CD8+ T lymphocyte populations, are the most reported immunological findings in these patients. High levels of other inflammatory cytokines and chemokines such as IL-2 and IL-8 with an increased number of neutrophils and eosinophils may induce immune abnormalities in patients with COVID-19. There is growing evidence to obtain a deeper understanding of the immunopathogenesis of COVID-19 which will lay the foundation for the development of new potential therapies. However, specific and non-specific immunotherapies such as convalescent plasma (CP) are widely performed to treat patients with severe COVID-19, there is no definitive evidence to suggest the effectiveness of these treatments. Hence, this review aimed to highlight the current and most recent studies to identify the new immunotherapeutics for COVID-19 disease.
- University of Manitoba Canada
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iran (Islamic Republic of)
- Shahroud University of Medical Sciences Iran (Islamic Republic of)
Microsoft Academic Graph classification: Chemokine Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Lymphocyte medicine.medical_treatment Disease Proinflammatory cytokine Immune system Medicine biology business.industry Immunotherapy medicine.anatomical_structure Immunology biology.protein business CD8
Immunology, Review, Lymphopenia, Humans, Immunology and Allergy, Lymphocytes, Pandemics, Pharmacology, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, Coronavirus, Cytokines, Immunotherapy, Cytokine Release Syndrome
Immunology, Review, Lymphopenia, Humans, Immunology and Allergy, Lymphocytes, Pandemics, Pharmacology, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, Coronavirus, Cytokines, Immunotherapy, Cytokine Release Syndrome
Microsoft Academic Graph classification: Chemokine Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Lymphocyte medicine.medical_treatment Disease Proinflammatory cytokine Immune system Medicine biology business.industry Immunotherapy medicine.anatomical_structure Immunology biology.protein business CD8
citations This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).10 popularity This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.Top 10% influence This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).Average impulse This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.Top 10% citations This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).10 popularity This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.Top 10% influence This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).Average impulse This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.Top 10%
Citations provided by BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!- University of Manitoba Canada
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iran (Islamic Republic of)
- Shahroud University of Medical Sciences Iran (Islamic Republic of)
COVID-19 is an acute respiratory syndrome caused by SARS-COV-2 which has now become a huge pandemic worldwide. The immunopathogenesis of COVID-19 has been established that increased serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and reduction of the CD4+ and the CD8+ T lymphocyte populations, are the most reported immunological findings in these patients. High levels of other inflammatory cytokines and chemokines such as IL-2 and IL-8 with an increased number of neutrophils and eosinophils may induce immune abnormalities in patients with COVID-19. There is growing evidence to obtain a deeper understanding of the immunopathogenesis of COVID-19 which will lay the foundation for the development of new potential therapies. However, specific and non-specific immunotherapies such as convalescent plasma (CP) are widely performed to treat patients with severe COVID-19, there is no definitive evidence to suggest the effectiveness of these treatments. Hence, this review aimed to highlight the current and most recent studies to identify the new immunotherapeutics for COVID-19 disease.