Associations between common genetic variants and income provide insights about the socioeconomic health gradient
Copyright policy )Associations between common genetic variants and income provide insights about the socioeconomic health gradient
Abstract We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on income among individuals of European descent and leveraged the results to investigate the socio-economic health gradient (N=668,288). We found 162 genomic loci associated with a common genetic factor underlying various income measures, all with small effect sizes. Our GWAS-derived polygenic index captures 1 - 4% of income variance, with only one-fourth attributed to direct genetic effects. A phenome-wide association study using this polygenic index showed reduced risks for a broad spectrum of diseases, including hypertension, obesity, type 2 diabetes, coronary atherosclerosis, depression, asthma, and back pain. The income factor showed a substantial genetic correlation (0.92, s.e. = .006) with educational attainment (EA). Accounting for EA's genetic overlap with income revealed that the remaining genetic signal for higher income related to better mental health but reduced physical health benefits and increased participation in risky behaviours such as drinking and smoking.
- University of Helsinki Finland
- University of Minnesota System United States
- University of Groningen Netherlands
- Aarhus University Denmark
- Amsterdam UMC Netherlands
Resource, Adult, Male, Multifactorial Inheritance, 330, Economics, Humans; Genome-Wide Association Study; Income/statistics & numerical data; Female; Male; Middle Aged; Adult; Health Status Disparities; Educational Status; Socioeconomic Factors; Social Class; Genetic Variation; White People/genetics; Multifactorial Inheritance; Mental Health; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, United-states, 610, Social Sciences, Genome-wide association studies, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Article, Medical Genetics and Genomics, Education, Heritability, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, Genetics, Psychology, Humans, Mortality, Polymorphism, Determinants, Genetic association study, Genome-wide association, Genetic Variation, Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa och socialmedicin, Single Nucleotide, Health Status Disparities, Metaanalysis, Biological Sciences, Middle Aged, Public Health, Global Health and Social Medicine, Medicinsk genetik och genomik, Mental Health, Inequality, Social Class, Socioeconomic Factors, Earnings, Genetics, developmental biology, physiology, Income, Educational Status, Female, Genome-Wide Association Study
Resource, Adult, Male, Multifactorial Inheritance, 330, Economics, Humans; Genome-Wide Association Study; Income/statistics & numerical data; Female; Male; Middle Aged; Adult; Health Status Disparities; Educational Status; Socioeconomic Factors; Social Class; Genetic Variation; White People/genetics; Multifactorial Inheritance; Mental Health; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, United-states, 610, Social Sciences, Genome-wide association studies, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Article, Medical Genetics and Genomics, Education, Heritability, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, Genetics, Psychology, Humans, Mortality, Polymorphism, Determinants, Genetic association study, Genome-wide association, Genetic Variation, Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa och socialmedicin, Single Nucleotide, Health Status Disparities, Metaanalysis, Biological Sciences, Middle Aged, Public Health, Global Health and Social Medicine, Medicinsk genetik och genomik, Mental Health, Inequality, Social Class, Socioeconomic Factors, Earnings, Genetics, developmental biology, physiology, Income, Educational Status, Female, Genome-Wide Association Study
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