Using the case of Odessky district of Omsk Oblast and Khorolsky District of Primorsky Krai, the article examines the features of adaptation of traditional subsistence and economic activity practices, reflected in the ethnocultural memory of the descendants of the Ukrainian peasant settlers of the late of XIXth and early XXth centuries. The author concludes that the variability of adaptation processes among the studied groups of settlers was mainly determined by the features of natural and climate conditions, as well as the availability of local natural resources that were important in the traditional subsistence system.