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THE UPPER KAMA AND ITS TRIBUTARIES IN THE LATE PLEISTOCENE AND HOLOCENE: RECONSTRUCTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND HUMAN OCCUPATION

ВЕРХНЯЯ КАМА И ЕЕ ПРИТОКИ В ПОЗДНЕМ ПЛЕЙСТОЦЕНЕ И ГОЛОЦЕНЕ: РЕКОНСТРУКЦИЯ ПРИРОДНЫХ УСЛОВИЙ И ОСВОЕНИЕ ЧЕЛОВЕКОМ

THE UPPER KAMA AND ITS TRIBUTARIES IN THE LATE PLEISTOCENE AND HOLOCENE: RECONSTRUCTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND HUMAN OCCUPATION

Abstract

В статье представлены результаты изучения пойменных и террасовых отложений рек бассейна верхней Камы: долины верхней Камы, а также ее крупного притока Косы. На основе палеоруслового анализа и археологических исследований выявлены особенности расположения разновозрастных памятников в долине р. Камы и охарактеризована специфика адаптации древнего человека к природным условиям севера Верхнего Прикамья в позднем плейстоцене – голоцене. Изменения в речном стоке и интенсивности меандрирования, скорее всего, повлияли на выбор древними людьми мест для поселения. Для создания хронологической основы района работ применялся радиоуглеродный метод. На основе методов палеорусловедения в долине верхней Камы удалось выделить 7 разновозрастных генераций поймы, предпринята попытка восстановления конкретных положений древнего русла Камы в каждый период формирования разновозрастных генераций. Установлено, что в позднеледниковье исследуемая территория еще не осваивалась древним человеком из-за неблагоприятных природных условий. Первоначальное ее заселение произошло в начале голоцена после того, как сформировалась вторая надпойменная терраса. В это время она приобрела комфортный для освоения человеком облик, была покрыта таежными сосновыми и березовыми формациями с участием ели. К этому периоду относятся мезолитические стоянки. Они располагались либо на второй надпойменной террасе, либо на коренных берегах. В среднем голоцене сформировалась 6-я и 5-я пойменные генерации, реки бассейна характеризовалась высокой водностью. К этому периоду относятся стоянки неолита, расположенные на террасах. К концу среднего голоцена относится время существования поселений гаринской энеолитической культуры. Они располагались либо на 4–5-й генерациях поймы, либо на коренном склоне долины. Поздний голоцен ознаменован с расселением средневекового населения. Средневековые городища располагались на коренных берегах, а поселения были связаны с речными террасами, берегами стариц и поймами небольших рек. The article presents the results of a study on floodplain and terrace deposits in the rivers of the upper Kama basin, focusing on the upper Kama valley, as well as its large tributary, the Kosa. Based on paleochannel analysis and archaeological research, the features of the location of monuments of different ages in the river valley were revealed. The research highlights the adaptation of ancient human populations to the natural environment in the northern region of the Upper Kama during the late Pleistocene and Holocene periods. The article suggests that changes in river flow and meandering intensity most likely influenced the selection pf settlement sites by ancient people. To create a chronological basis for the work area, the radiocarbon dating method was used. Based on the methods of paleochannel studies in the valley of the upper Kama, it was possible to identify 7 generations of the floodplain of different ages; an attempt was made to reconstruct the specific positions of the ancient Kama channel in each period of the formation of these different generations of. It was established that during the Late Glacial period, the study area was not inhabited by ancient humans due to unfavorable natural conditions. Its initial settlement in the area occurred at the beginning of the Holocene after the formation of the second floodplain terrace. During this time, the area underwent favorable transformations, becoming suitable for human habitaion and covered with taiga pine and birch formations, often including spruce. Mesolithic sites date back to this period. They were situated on either the second terrace or the original riverbanks. In the Middle Holocene, the 6th and 5th floodplain generations were formed, the rivers of the basin were characterized by high water content. Neolithic sites on terraces date back to this period. The period of existence of settlements of the Garin Eneolithic culture dates back to the end of the Middle Holocene. They were located either on the 4th–5th generations of the floodplain or on the bedrock slope of the valley. The late Holocene was marked by the settlement of the medieval population. Medieval fortifications were located on the original banks, and the settlements were associated with river terraces, the banks of oxbow lakes, and the floodplains of small rivers.

Keywords

paleochannel analysis, floodplain, голоцен, human residential preferences, Late Pleistocene, Holocene, terrace, надпойменная терраса, палеорусловой анализ, пойма, поздний плейстоцен, селитебные предпочтения

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
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