This study was designed to investigate the effects of trastuzumab combined with docetaxel in the treatment of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive breast cancer patients. Fifty-two human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive breast cancer patients accepted chemotherapy at the Hangzhou Linping District Maternal & Child Health Care Hospital from January 2018 to January 2023. They were randomly separated into a control group and a research group. The control group was given docetaxel injection, while in addition to docetaxel injection, the research group was given trastuzumab. The results showed that relative to the control group, the research group had higher objective response rate, higher disease control rate, lower levels of tumor makers and inflammatory cytokines, lower occurrence of adverse events, higher quality of life scores, as well as longer survival time. We conclude that docetaxel plus trastuzumab chemotherapy can promote the clinical efficacy, reduce the levels of tumor markers as well as inflammatory cytokines, lessen the adverse reactions, and promote quality of life and survival time in human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive breast cancer patients.