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Fisiopatología de la drepanocitosis Physiopathologic features of drepanocytemia

Authors: Eva Svarch;

Fisiopatología de la drepanocitosis Physiopathologic features of drepanocytemia

Abstract

La hemoglobina (Hb) S es la consecuencia de una mutación puntual en la posición 6 de la cadena ß de la globina que resulta en la sustitución del ácido glutámico por la valina. La HbS polimeriza en condiciones de baja tensión de oxígeno y deforma al hematíe. El hematíe con Hb polimerizada tiene una sobrevida acortada y ocluye la microcirculación, lo que da lugar a la anemia hemolítica crónica y a las crisis vasooclusivas dolorosas que marcan en gran medida el cuadro clínico de la enfermedad. La oclusión vascular es un proceso complejo debido fundamentalmente a la prolongación del tiempo de tránsito de los hematíes a través de la microcirculación y/o a la disminución del tiempo de demora de polimerización de la HbS. En la actualidad se considera a la oclusión en la microcirculación como una forma de injuria de reperfusión en la que el estrés oxidativo y la inflamación llevan al daño crónico de los órganos. Los leucocitos y factores de la coagulación participan en el proceso. La anemia hemolítica contribuye a la oclusión vascular porque el aumento de reticulocitos, con más moléculas de adhesión en su superficie que las células maduras, determina su mayor adhesión al endotelio y porque la Hb libre en plasma consume óxido nítrico. El óxido nítrico actúa en diferentes formas, una de las más importantes es que desvía el balance normal entre vasodilatación-vasoconstricción hacia la vasoconstricción. Como consecuencia de estos hechos se describe un subfenotipo caracterizado por hipertensión pulmonar, accidente vascular encefálico, priapismo y úlcera maleolar. Existen factores genéticos que influyen en la severidad del cuadro clínico como la mutación 158 C-T en el gen de la globina g y la a talasemia. La primera aumenta la HbF y la segunda disminuye la CHCM, el número de células densas y la intensidad de la hemólisis. Sin embargo, la relación entre a talasemia y la severidad de la enfermedad no es clara.Hemoglobin S (Hb) is the consequence of a point mutation in of b globin chain 6 position resulting in glutamic acid substitution by valine. HB S polymerizes in conditions of oxygen low tension deforming the erythrocyte, the latter with the HB polymerized, has a shorten survival occluding the microcirculation, causing a chronic hemolytic anemia, and painful vasoconstrictive crises noting down to large extent the clinical picture of disease. Vascular occlusion is a complex process due mainly to transit time extension of erythrocytes through microcirculation and/or decrease of delayed time of polymerization of HbS. Nowadays, occlusion in the microcirculation is considered as an injury way of reperfusion in which oxidative stress of coagulation participates in the process. Hemolytic anemia contributes to vascular occlusion because of the reticulocytes, with more adhesive molecules in its surface than the mature ones, to determines its greater adhesion to endothelium, and because of the plasma free Hb to consume nitric oxide (NO). NO acts in different ways, where the most important is the deviation of normal balance between vasodilatation and vasoconstriction. As consequence from these facts we describe a sub-phenotype characterized by pulmonary hypertension, stroke, priapism, and malleolar ulcer. There are genetic factors influencing in clinical picture severity, e.g. 158 C-T mutation in globin gen g, and a-thalassemia. The first one increase the HBF, and the second one decrease the CHCM, the number of thick cells, and the hemolysis identity. However, relation between a-thalassemia and severity of disease is not clear.

Keywords

drepanocitosis, Drepanocytemia, anemia hemolítica, Diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs, RC633-647.5, Immunologic diseases. Allergy, RC581-607, vascular occlusion., oclusión vascular., hemolytic anemia

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
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