
El artículo sostiene que las exigencias técnicas del muestreo para la vigilancia epidemiológica, exigen una revisión profunda de importantes conceptos de la Teoría de la Salud. En particular, es necesario hacer énfasis en las condiciones de vida, y, más específicamente, en los ambientes o contextos en que se desarrollan los procesos reproductivos de la vida social. Pero ambos campos temáticos exigen potenciar el acceso a datos más ricos que los que aportan las fuentes tradicionales. Este enfoque de la "vigilancia epidemiológica" exige una revisión de los tipos de muestras, y esto implica revisar las interpretaciones dominantes sobre los fundamentos lógicos de las inferencias a partir de muestras. Se torna necesario dejar atrás las muestras estadísticas (aún las estratificadas) y promover procedimientos del tipo de los "sitios centinelas". Esta técnica, aplicada originariamente en sociedades con sistemas estadísticos deficitarios, puede desarrollarse para constituirse en un complemento substancial del monitoreo de condiciones de vida incluso en sociedades con buenos sistemas de información. El artículo propone transformar el concepto de "sitio centinela" incorporandole el requisito de la "representatividad cualitativa" mediante muestreos finalísticos sustentados en tipologías previas de las unidades espacio-poblacionales.This article maintains that technical issues for sampling in epidemiological surveillance require a profound review of important concepts from health theory. It is particularly neccessary to emphasize living conditions and more specifically the environments or contexts in which reproductive processes of social life take place. However, both fields require access to more complete data than those produced by traditional sources. Such an approach to epidemiological surveillance requires a review of sampling types, and this implies a new look at prevailing interpretations concerning the logical basis for inferences from samples. It becomes necessary to abandon statistical samples (even stratified ones) and to promote procedures of the "sentinel site" type. This techinique, originally applied in societies with insufficient statistical systems, can be developed in such a way as to become a substantial complement to monitoring of living conditions, even in societies with good information systems. The article suggests changes in the "sentinel site" concept, adding the requirement of "qualitative representativeness" through finalistic samples based on previous typologies of spatial/demographic units.
Vigilancia Epidemiológica, Epidemiology, Sentinel Sites, R, Sitios Centinelas, Representatividad, Epidemiología, Medicine, Epidemiological Surveillance, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270, Representativeness
Vigilancia Epidemiológica, Epidemiology, Sentinel Sites, R, Sitios Centinelas, Representatividad, Epidemiología, Medicine, Epidemiological Surveillance, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270, Representativeness
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