Powered by OpenAIRE graph
Found an issue? Give us feedback
image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao University of Southe...arrow_drop_down
image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
addClaim

This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.

You have already added 0 works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.

The Challenges of Asymmetric Urban Warfare:The Israeli Experience 1982-2014

Authors: Pedersen, Claudia Læssøe;

The Challenges of Asymmetric Urban Warfare:The Israeli Experience 1982-2014

Abstract

Afhandlingens hovedformål har været at identificere de politiske og militære udfordringer og erfaringer, der mødte Israel og det israelske forsvar (IDF) i dets krigsførelse i bymæssige områder fra 1982 til 2014. Derudover har det været formålet at klarlægge, hvorledes disse udfordringer og erfaringer kan bidrage til den fremtidige praksis og analyse af bykampe. Gennem afhandlingens historiske rekonstruktioner af bykampene i Libanon, 1982 over Vestbredden, 2002, til Gaza, 2008-09 og 2014, er de væsentligste israelske erfaringer fra hhv. den kinetiske (fysiske) og kognitive (sociale og politiske) kampplads identificerede. Det påvises, at udfordringerne på den kinetiske kampplads bæres ind på den kognitive kampplads, hvorved effekter og konsekvenser på det strategisk/politiske niveau muliggøres. En af de identificerede tilbagevendende udfordringer for IDF var en indbygget konflikt i dets ’rules of engagement’ (ROEs), idet disse på samme tid understregede behovet for at minimere civile tab og minimere tabet af egne tropper. Dette blev imidlertid ændret, hvorved der under Gaza-operationerne 2008 og 2014 var en klar prioritering af IDF soldaters liv over civile palæstinensiske liv. Udfordringen fik til gengæld helt nyt liv på den kognitive kampplads, idet israelerne blev stærkt kritiserede for at forbryde sig mod principperne om distinktion og proportionalitet. En anden væsentlig identificeret tilbagevendende erfaring var erkendelsen af utilstrækkelig bykampstræning, dog indenfor forskellige områder. Israelerne måtte i øvrigt sande, at kreativitet i de palæstinensiske ikke-statslige aktørers forberedelse af kamppladsen kontinuerligt udviklede sig, ligesom brugen af ’lawfare’, hvilket øgede kompleksiteten.Ud fra afhandlingens nybrydende historiske rekonstruktioner af bykampene er det anskueliggjort, at udviklingen fra Libanon til Gaza på den kognitive kampplads gik imod et stærkt øget fokus på LOAC. Således kan der ligeledes påvises en klar sammenhæng mellem fokus på LOAC og en åbenlys stigning og kreativitet i udførelsen af ’lawfare’. På baggrund af de udvalgte cases ses ligeledes en stigende spænding imellem ’humanitet’ og ’militær nødvendighed’ indenfor LOAC, som på den kognitive kampplads spændes til bristepunktet eller muligvis endda sprænger rammen. De israelske udfordringer gjaldt således også især den massive kritik af den israelske krigsførelse som værende i strid med LOAC og særligt principperne distinktion og proportionalitet, som vanskeliggjorde kampen for legitimitet. Denne kritik fik ikke mindst luft under vingerne igennem medierne, som bragte den israelske krigsførelse til doms for den internationale offentlige mening.I Beirut i 1982 var den internationale presse til stede midt på kamppladsen, hvilket skabte en betydelig udfordring for israelerne og ikke bidrog positivt til det israelske narrativ om at have ’den mest moralske hær i verden’. På Vestbredden og i Gaza 2004-2014, afskar IDF stort set pressens adgang til kamppladsen, hvorved IDF uden troværdige modsvar blev beskyldt for at skjule ugerninger. Den israelske indsats på den kognitive kampplads for at opnå legitimitet fik ofte en selvpåført kæp i hjulet, da informationer fra både det politiske niveau og IDF ofte viste sig at være upålidelige og ødelæggelse og civile tab disproportionale. Israelerne undlod i øvrigt i høj grad at forklare kompleksiteten af den asymmetriske urbane kampplads.Endelig påvises der i afhandlingen en udvikling i de strategisk/politiske effekter og konsekvenser i tidsperioden. Hvor de væsentligste konsekvenser som følge af Libanon-krigen var en alvorlig delegitimering internationalt, havde den juridiske dimension overtaget i Gaza-krigene. Selv om det israelske image endnu en gang led et alvorligt knæk, var de juridiske implikationer og mulige konsekvenser tydelige. The main purpose of this thesis has been to analyze the political and military challenges facing Israel and the Israeli Defense Force (IDF) in its asymmetric urban warfare from 1982 to 2014. In addition, the purpose has been to clarify how these challenges and experiences can contribute to the future practice and analysis of urban warfare. To achieve these purposes, I have carried out historical reconstructions of urban battles in Lebanon 1982, the West Bank 2002, and Gaza 2008-09 and 2014 and thus made it possible to analyze the challenges and experiences faced by the Israelis in both the physical “kinetic” and the social “cognitive” battlefields. Here it will be shown that the challenges of the kinetic battlefield transcend into the cognitive battlefield with effects and consequences at the strategic-political level.In the kinetic battlefield, an identified recurring challenge facing the IDF was the fact that the rules of engagement (ROEs) were contradictory, as they stressed the need both to minimize civilian casualties and the loss of own troops. However, this inherent conflict was resolved in relation to the kinetic battlefield prior to the Gaza Wars, thus prioritizing IDF soldiers’ lives in ROEs over Palestinian civilian lives. On the other hand, ROEs became a major challenge for the Israelis in the cognitive battlefield during the Gaza Wars. Another significant and recurring challenge or experience for the IDF was the recognition that its forces had received inadequate urban combat training. The Israelis also had to deal with the continuous development and increased sophistication and creativity in battlefield preparation and lawfare performed by the asymmetrical non-state actor, which only increased the complexity.Within the cognitive battlefield, a significant development in focus and attention to LOAC has been shown. Thus, there also appears to be a connected development through the present set of cases between the focus on LOAC and an increase in lawfare. Based on the selected cases, it is suggested that the inherent tension between humanity and military necessity within LOAC is strained to the limit or even pushed beyond the reasonable framing of LOAC in the cognitive battlefield. Thus, a main Israeli challenges was the struggle for legitimacy, not least when massive criticism and accusations of violations of LOAC increased, especially the principles of distinction and proportionality. This criticism got tailwind through the media and thus became a combatant in the battle for public opinion.In Beirut in 1982, the international press was present in the middle of the battlefield, which posed a significant challenge to the Israelis and discouraged the presentation of the IDF as the ‘most moral army in the world’. In the West Bank and Gaza, the IDF largely cut off the press from the battlefields and was thus accused of hiding misdeeds. Most Israeli efforts in the cognitive battlefield to gain legitimacy have failed, as information from both the political level and the IDF often proved to be unreliable, and destruction and casualties seemed disproportionate. Furthermore, the Israelis largely failed to explain the complexity of the asymmetric urban battlefield.Finally, the thesis has identified developments in strategic and political consequences. The most important consequence of the war in Lebanon was the serious delegitimization of Israel internationally. In contrast, in the Gaza Wars 2008 and 2014, the legal dimension proved dominant. Although the Israeli image suffered once again in the Gaza Wars, the legal implications and potential consequences were significant.

Country
Denmark
Related Organizations
  • BIP!
    Impact byBIP!
    citations
    This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
    0
    popularity
    This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
    Average
    influence
    This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
    Average
    impulse
    This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
    Average
Powered by OpenAIRE graph
Found an issue? Give us feedback
citations
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average