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Fondos públicos de contingencia para situaciones de emergencia: lecciones de la experiencia internacional

Authors: Brunet, Júlia; Cuadro Sáez, Lucía; Pérez García, Javier José;

Fondos públicos de contingencia para situaciones de emergencia: lecciones de la experiencia internacional

Abstract

¿Deberían las sociedades (Gobiernos) ahorrar en momentos de expansión económica para afrontar los costes de situaciones extraordinarias, como catástrofes naturales o biológicas, o, más en general, crisis económicas? La crisis económica y social vinculada a las medidas de confinamiento para controlar la difusión de la pandemia de Covid-19 y las enormes necesidades de gasto público para mitigar su impacto han vuelto a poner esta cuestión de manifiesto. La literatura económica afronta este debate desde dos ángulos generales, no excluyentes. En primer lugar, la aproximación más estándar indica que, en estas situaciones, los Gobiernos deben recurrir a la deuda. Esto permite suavizar a lo largo del tiempo el impacto de las perturbaciones, siempre que los Gobiernos sean lo suficientemente disciplinados como para reconstruir los márgenes de maniobra necesarios en las fases de expansión. Sin embargo, la evidencia disponible muestra que la deuda tiende a reducirse solo de manera muy progresiva en las etapas posteriores a las crisis. En segundo lugar, la experiencia internacional muestra numerosos ejemplos de fondos de ahorro (nacionales o regionales). En este caso, las Administraciones acumulan recursos en vehículos especiales en momentos de bonanza económica, llamados «fondos de contingencia» o «fondos de estabilización» (rainy-day funds en inglés). En este documento se revisa la experiencia sobre estos fondos, de cara a extraer lecciones sobre su posible utilidad como instrumento de apoyo en situaciones de crisis o emergencias fiscales. Aunque la evidencia internacional sobre su utilización es muy heterogénea, se demuestra que, cuando estos fondos están adecuadamente estructurados y suficientemente dotados, contribuyen a mitigar el impacto de las perturbaciones y mejoran la disciplina fiscal. Should societies (governments) save during economic expansions in order to cover the costs of extraordinary situations, such as natural or biological catastrophes or, more generally, economic crises? This question has been raised once again by the economic and social crisis linked to the confinement measures implemented to control the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic and the enormous public spending required to mitigate its impact. There are two general approaches in the economic literature to this debate, which are not mutually exclusive. First, the more standard approach indicates that governments, in these situations, should resort to borrowing. This allows the impact of shocks to be smoothed over time, as long as governments are sufficiently disciplined to rebuild the necessary room for manoeuvre during upswings. However, the evidence available shows that debt tends to decline only very gradually in post-crisis periods. Under the second approach, governments build up contingency funds or rainy-day funds during economic booms. International experience has numerous examples of national and regional funds of this type. This paper reviews the experience of such funds, with a view to drawing lessons as to their potential usefulness as an instrument of support in crisis situations and fiscal emergencies. Although the international evidence on their use is highly heterogeneous, it shows that when these funds are appropriately structured and sufficiently large they contribute to mitigating the impact of shocks and improving fiscal discipline.

Country
Spain
Related Organizations
Keywords

Crisis económicas, Deuda pública, H12, Biological catastrophes, Catástrofes biológicas, Política fiscal, Economic crises, Catástrofes naturales, Natural catastrophes, Gasto público, Fondos de estabilización, Déficit y deuda públicos, H63, Government debt, Rainy-day funds, E63

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popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
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impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
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