Allowing countless individuals to avert rapid death since its first use in 1922, insulin therapy nevertheless only transmuted Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1D) into its now familiar chronic form. By necessity investing final practical responsibility for therapeutic decision-making into the affected individual themselves, this encouraged unprecedented engagement with philosophical questions central to medicine as a profession. How should we incorporate concepts of value into healthcare? What should be done where professional expertise and lay-experience appear to contradict one another? In a very real sense, what is medicine for? This project will enhance the catalogue of T1D/insulin related objects in the possession of the Science Museum, with a particular emphasis on the reintroduction of the patient as a meaningful actor to a history often dominated by doctors, scientists, and other ‘great figures’. With the centenary of its discovery fast-approaching, this would be timely and important work. In summary, this project has four key goals: - Engage in enhanced cataloguing of existing Science Museum collections related to the history of insulin/T1D. - Emphasise the socio-cultural context and ongoing relevance of identified objects. - Develop proposals for future acquisitions. - Produce an annotated bibliography of secondary material related to insulin/T1D. Keywords: Insulin, diabetes, autonomy, expertise, paternalism 2022 will mark the centenary of the first clinical use of insulin by Frederick Banting's research team in Toronto. One of the great successes of twentieth- century biomedicine, this innovation has saved the lives of countless individuals living with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1D). However insulin was no cure: those receiving replacement therapy were confronted with the demands of a newly chronic condition that required constant day-to-day attention. In advance of the centenary, I will co-operate with the Science Museum to improve – and work towards expanding – their catalogue of objects related to the history of insulin and T1D. While it provides an excellent lens through which to examine important questions concerning the history, sociology, and philosophy of medical practice, public knowledge of Diabetes Mellitus, and in particular T1D, remains lacking. This work will contribute towards Science Museum resources on the topic in a significant and timely manner.

This programme of exchange and networking will: i. Energise the Medical Humanities research ecosystem in South Africa as it evolves. ii. Embed the research environment at the CSHHH Glasgow, and its current partners, in this process. iii. Seed a cohort of early-career scholars in the Medical Humanities with experience of research, training and teaching collectively in both South Africa and the UK. Context Since 2018 members of the CSHHH Glasgow and the University of Johannesburg have worked together in the Medical Humanities. The Wellcome Trust and both universities invested in these activities. Following the success of this co-working, partners from the University of the Witwatersrand and the University of Cape Town joined the collaboration. The core objective is to connect the four institutions in order to jointly conduct research, training and teaching so that Medical Humanities research ecosystems continue to grow together in both countries. Activities The focus is on seeding those ecosystems through investment in the researchers of the future and fresh collaboration across the countries and institutions. The programme will enable; 1. Four Masters students and one Ph.D. candidate to be co- supervised by the PIs. 2. Enhanced networking and communications capacity, including new online resources and platforms.

The Society for the Social History of Medicine (SSHM) has a strong record of supporting single and standalone activities organised by our wider community, beyond our biennial and postgraduate/early career researcher events. We have tried and tested criteria for funding to include the necessity to support postgraduate and early career scholars as well as awareness of inclusivity. Wellcome network funding will enable SSHM to direct the Society’s experience into a new and exciting sphere of support: directing funding to networking and networked events. These serial activities promise the space to be both innovative and sustained; a space that has often been limited in the field of the history of medicine and health. What these sustained conversations will do is provide room for creativity and thinking, offering transformative scholarship and assuredly facilitating links and work that would otherwise prove impossible, especially due to our current availability of £1500 per conference funding application, limited so as to support as many activities as possible. We propose to fund between four and seven networks with a maximum of £6000 per award, with two rounds of applications for support.

The Society for the Social History of Medicine has a strong track record of providing field-leading conferences in the history of medicine and health, together with postgraduate and early career training and events. Our proposed programme of new and innovative events will allow us to begin new areas of work in the areas of anti-racism, mid-career support, and discussions about career precarity. Wellcome funds will enable scholars to meet at a crucial time for the field, at a time when, with the continuing risk of Covid-19 and other disease outbreaks, the history of medicine has perhaps never been so vital. Bringing scholars together for physical meetings is essential to create the safe space needed for such sensitive discussions as anti-racism, facilitated by a clinical professional and academics experienced in this area, and regarding concerns about careers. The impact of Covid and changes in funding for universities mean many mid-career scholars are in need of support and mentoring, and those without permanent positions are in need of a safe space to discuss the future of the field and the impact on, and potential for, their own work and careers.