Historically, people around the world have demanded democratic institutions. Such democratic movements propel political change and also determine economic outcomes. In this project, we ask, how do political preferences, beliefs, and second-order beliefs shape the strategic decision to participate in a movement demanding democracy? Existing scholarship is unsatisfactory because it is conducted ex post: preferences, beliefs, and behavior have converged to a new equilibrium. In contrast, we examine a democratic movement in real time, studying the ongoing democracy movement in Hong Kong. Our study is composed of four parts. In Part 1, we collect panel survey data from Hong Kong university students, a particularly politically active subpopulation. We collect data on preferences, behavior, beliefs, and second-order beliefs using incentivized and indirect elicitation to encourage truthful reporting. We analyze the associations among these variables to shed light on the drivers of participation in the democracy movement. In Part 2, we exploit experimental variation in the provision of information to study political coordination. Among participants in the panel survey, we provide information regarding the preferences and beliefs of other students. We examine whether exposure to information regarding peers causes students to update their beliefs and change their behavior. In Part 3, we extend the analysis in Part 1 to a nationally representative sample of Hong Kong citizens. To do so, we have added a module regarding political preferences, beliefs, and behavior (including incentivized questions and questions providing cover for responses to politically sensitive topics) to the HKPSSD panel survey. In Part 4, we study preferences for redistribution – plausibly a central driver for demands for political rights – among Hong Kong citizens and mainland Chinese. We examine how these preferences differ across populations, as well as their link to support for democracy.

The next few years represent a critical moment for universities. Around the world there is increasing interest in understanding how universities can train students to become global citizens. However, many people wonder - what is meant by the term "global citizenship"? A useful perspective on global citizenship is provided by the "Profile of a Service-Learning Programme in India" which explains that: "Those who live in the 21st century will have dual citizenship---one, each person's national citizenship and the other the global citizenship. The former is a legal status represented by documents such as the passport while the other is more a set of personality traits, attitudes and values operating in the relationships with peoples of other cultures and countries." The key point illustrated by this quote is that global citizenship transcends nation-state boundaries. It requires an open mind, dedication and experience to develop certain attitudes, values and acquire skills for participation. The premise here is that higher education today can contribute to the public good by training more global citizens who enter society not only with technical know-how, but also with cultural awareness, a strong sense of civic responsibility and the skills needed to participate as active citizens in a globalized world. The development of the global citizenship agenda in higher education is becoming more common across North America, the UK and Asia. Much of the original thinking about global citizenship education and many innovative practices in global citizenship education in universities have emerged out of the US. Within the UK many universities are substantially engaged in broader internationalisation efforts and boast very diverse student enrolments. It is therefore not surprising that within the UK there is increasing receptivity to the global citizenship agenda in higher education. In the case of Asia, Hong Kong universities are undergoing massive restructuring of their undergraduate degree programmes - moving from a three-year to a four-year undergraduate degree programme that offers more opportunities for international and multidisciplinary curricula. The changes in higher education in Hong Kong are underpinned by greater focus on general education and the integration of civic engagement and global citizenship into the curriculum. It should be noted that Hong Kong is of particular interest given their current investment in redesigning the undergraduate curriculum, but we are also seeking to include practices in Taiwan and mainland China as they too are undergoing curricular change and are looking to internationalise their curriculum. Our project proposes to bring together top scholars and practitioners from Europe, Asia and North America to comprehensively explore the existing pedagogical theories and models that are guiding universities' focus on developing students as global citizens. The participation of researchers from a diverse array of countries will culminate in a three-day symposium to explore how universities are promoting global citizenship and analyse what research is needed to guide the future development of the concept in higher education. This networking project will provide a unique opportunity for researchers and practitioners to investigate: o How is global citizenship conceptualised in universities and how can general education foster the development of citizen scholars? o How do existing pedagogical theories and models promote global citizenship and how can their effectiveness be measured? o How are universities attempting to better prepare students to be global citizens who will compete in a global marketplace? o What further research is needed to inform future higher education policymaking? All of these questions will be posed with the intent of developing a coherent and meaningful programme for future comparative research on global citizenship policy and practice.

Marine mussels can survive the harsh marine environment at intertidal zones by anchoring themselves to various wet surfaces through adhesive plaques. Recent research progress has highlighted that, in addition to the interaction of protein-based chemistry at the adhesion sites, the unique adhesive structure of a mussel plaque plays an important role. Motivated by this natural phenomenon, the proposal aims to establish the knowledge on the underwater adhesive behaviours of mussel plaque-inspired anchoring systems for the applications of the offshore floating structures. The existing deep water anchoring systems such as drilled piles, suction anchors, and gravity anchors may be subject to various limitations with respect to the cost, the seabed conditions, and the installation; and can cause significant impact on the local marine environment. In addition, removal of these anchoring systems at the decommissioning phase could be difficult and expensive. In comparison, the plaque-like anchoring systems can potentially have the following ground-breaking features: (a) the adhesion at the anchoring systems can be switched on and off based on the requirement, which can lead to revolution in the design, construction, sustainability, and life cycle operation of the offshore floating structures, (b) by using advanced composite materials, the anchoring systems can be applied to a wide range of seabed conditions, i.e., rocky surfaces and soil surfaces, with minimum impact on the local marine environment ( i.e., no drilling or excavation on the seabed is required), and (c) the manufacturing and installation processes can be much more simplified, which leads to cost-effective solutions. The proposed research has the potential for substantial impact on various applications involving offshore floating structures such as offshore floating wind turbine (OFWT) systems, offshore oil rigs, tidal current turbine systems, and subsea infrastructure. Among these applications, it is worth noting that the requirement for developing novel OFWT systems has been highlighted by the offshore renewable energy sector and the recent governmental strategy- the UK Government has already committed to 1 GW of floating wind by 2030. The research will establish lab-scale prototypes of the mussel plaque-inspired anchoring systems. Using a combination of experimental techniques, adhesion theories and numerical modelling approaches, we will (1) evaluate the performance of the prototypes, and (2) examine the failure modes, detachment forces, traction force distributions and ductility under controlled external factors. The scaling up effect will be studied by examining the performance of the prototypes at different length scales. Investigation will also be conducted to examine the adhesion on different types of substrates, i.e., rock and soil. The optimised designs will be achieved via verified parameter studies, which can act as the guidance for engineering designs. Assessment in terms of likely cost and technical effectiveness will also be conducted based on the optimised designs.