Introduction - Physical states transition has important issues in geomechanics. It is involved in civil engineering through concrete frost damage by in-pore water crystallization and in geophysics through the formation and dissociation of crystalline gas hydrates. - Frost durability of cementitious materials - Ice formation in cementitious materials is the cause of billions of euros in damage to concrete structures in cold and temperate regions every year as reported by the French civil engineering works supervision established in 1980 [LCPC 2003]. Two kinds of frost deteriorations exist: internal frost and scaling [Marchand 1994]. The former takes place within the whole medium, possibly resulting in micro and macro damage. The latter is a superficial damage that consists of the removal of small chips or flakes of material. It can be very harmful as it can reduce the coating of steel reinforcement. Scaling is enhanced by the presence of de-icer salts, for instance a moderate salt concentration (about 3%) is reported to result in the most damage. This explains why in temperate regions, where de-icer salts are used to keep good roads practicability, important frost defacement is observed [LCPC 2003]. The winter maintenance of civil engineering structure is being currently predicted by numerous accelerated laboratory tests simulating the climatic solicitation [AFNOR 1995; Setzer 1997]. However, these sophisticated tests are known to be expensive, long-lasting (about 3 months for a single scaling test) and to provide phenomenologically-based mechanical behaviour laws which poorly apply to the actual in-situ materials [Kaufmann 1999]. Indeed this situation lasts over several decades through lack of a holistic physically-based quantitative assessment of the stress and strain fields in porous materials submitted to freezing-thawing cycles with or without salt. - Environmental and geotechnical issues - Gas hydrates, also called clathrates, are ice-like crystalline solids. They consist of a cage-like hydrogen bonded structure of water molecules around smaller guest gas molecules: for instance methane hydrates (also called methane ice) are stable at temperatures above the normal bulk ice melting point and high pressures (from 2.5MPa at 0°C to more than 20MPa at 20°C). They occur naturally in sediments of the deep submarine continental slopes and in the subsurface of Arctic permafrost regions. Methane clathrates dissociation into a liquid and a gas mixture has recently received attention not only as a possible energy source, but also as playing a role in large continental seafloor stability (which raises a significant risk to underwater installations, pipelines, or, in extreme cases, to coastal populations through the generation of tsunamis), as well as in climate variability (methane being a powerful greenhouse gas). While gas hydrate dissociation is well-understood from thermochemical standpoint, there is little known about clathrates behaviour in oceanic sediments, in undersea continental rocks like sandstones, or more generally in porous media. - Scientific goal of this project - We want to succeed in building-up a new multi-scale physico-mechanical coupled approach that mixes wide-ranging experiments and theoretical analyses in order to better overcome cementitious materials frost durability problem. This will be the main part of this four-year project because we already have some expertise in this scientific field from both experimental and theoretical standpoints. - We will also start on understanding the physics, chemistry, and mechanics involved in the behaviour of methane clathrates saturated porous media. Based on this comprehension, the last two-year period will allow transposing the already developed experimental tools for studying methane clathrates embedded in sandstones. This will serve as a basis for better evaluating the environmental and geotechnical hazards raised by methane clathrates in oceanic sediments or

L'objectif du projet SURTRAIN est le développement d'une plate-forme de surveillance basée sur l'image et le son capable d'aider le travail des opérateurs chargés de la surveillance grâce à une continuité de service entre les équipements embarqués et les infrastructures au sol. Tout cela, de manière à améliorer la sécurité des passagers et la protection des infrastructures._x000D_ L'innovation principale du projet est le développement et la mise en œuvre conjointe d'algorithmes d'analyse d'image et du son en temps réel en environnement mobile et permettant la détection de situations à risque pour les passagers et la mise en œuvre rapide des mesures conservatoires par un opérateur présent dans la boucle et supervisant le système de surveillance._x000D_ La plate-forme embarquée présente une architecture à ressources distribuées entre les capteurs vidéo et audio, les unités d'analyse, celles de stockage et le serveur d'application. Elle s'appuie sur un réseau bord de communication haut débit adapté au contrainte de l'environnement. Une passerelle de radiocommunication Bord/Sol est mise en œuvre permettant notamment un travail coopératif entre les ressources embarquées et celles en gare.