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The chapter studies the tradition of allemansrätten, a right of public access to nature, in recently digitized documents of the Finnish Parliament (1907-2000) using text mining methods. Allemansrätten is a well-known and much used principle in the Nordic countries, yet, its history is little researched. This study use collocation analysis and topic modelling to explore the historical trajectory of the term in Finland. It shows how ‘allemansrätt’ appeared in the 1940s as part of a temporary everyman’s fishing rights and while the current meaning is found in the 1960s it came to be commonly employed in outdoor recreation debates in the early 1970s, somewhat later than previously thought. Furthermore, a significant shift is discovered from allemansrätten’s use in access right debates to being marked as a national symbol in the 1990s. Although the OCR quality of the digitised parliamentary documents is proven to be very good, they lack in metadata which would improve their usability; thus digital historians should actively participate in the development of such key historical corpora.

Peer reviewed

While the layered OSI model for networks provides a very clean conceptual framework for network design, certain applications are not completely indifferent to what happens at the lower layers. This is particularly true for multimedia and other real–time applications, which usually have stringent constraints on network performance in order to deliver an acceptable Quality of Experience (QoE) to the user.

Social and healthcare industries offer demanding occupations, as they are very human-contact intensive workplaces and, moreover, the customers are usually met in critical and not-wished-for situations. Possible actions are many, and seldom are there clear procedures on how to continue: Each customer contact is a place for genuine decisions. Add to this deliberate service situation a computer, and you can count on difficulties. Our focus is on how information systems affect the stress levels of health and social-care workers. Our empirical study shows–among many other factors–strong correlation between the use of computers and stress levels in the healthcare professions: The more computer use, the more stress. Wediscuss what could be done to manage stress levels in relationship to computer use in health and social-care industries. In conclusion, we wrap the research findings together and propose our extensions to the current knowledge on the relationship between stress and information systems in health care. Our most important finding is that when users understand the total collaborative work setting, computer work obtains meaning, and stress levels reduce.

The multivariate Oja median (Oja, 1983) is an affine equivariant multivariate location estimate with high efficiency. This estimate has a bounded influence function but zero breakdown. The computation of the estimate appears to be highly intensive. We consider different, exact and stochastic, algorithms for the calculation of the value of the estimate. In the stochastic algorithms, the gradient of the objective function, the rank function, is estimated by sampling observation. hyperplanes. The estimated rank function with its estimated accuracy then yields a confidence region for the true sample Oja median, and the confidence region shrinks to the sample median with the increasing number of the sampled hyperplanes. Regular grids and the grid given by the data points are used in the construction. Computation times of different algorithms are discussed and compared. For a k-variate data set with n observations our exact and stochastic algorithms have rough time complexity estimates of O(k 2 n k log n) and O(5 k (1/e)2), respectively, where e is the radius of confidence L∞-ball.

Yin Yang is a unique Chinese duality thinking bearing some resemblance to the dialectical thinking in the West. It captures the Chinese view of paradox as interdependent opposites compared with the Western view of paradox as exclusive opposites.

Dynamic textures are image sequences recording texture in motion. Given a sample video, the goal of synthesis is to create a new sequence enlarged in spatial and/or temporal domain, which looks perceptually similar to the input. Most synthesis methods are mainly focused on extending sequences only in the temporal domain. In this paper, we propose a dynamic texture synthesis approach for spatial domain, where we aim to enlarge the frame size while preserving the aspect and motion of the original video. For this purpose, we use a patch-based synthesis method based on LBP-TOP features. In our approach, 3D patch regions from the input are selected and copied to an output sequence. Usually, in other patch-based approaches, the selection of the patches is based only in the color, which cannot capture the spatial and temporal information, causing an unnatural look in the output. In contrast, we propose to use the LBP-TOP operator, which implicitly represents information about appearance, dynamics and correlation between frames. The experiments show that the use of the LBP-TOP improves the performance of other methods giving a good description of the structure and motion of dynamic textures without generating visible discontinuities or artifacts.

My dialogue game approach to the use of language in general and the meaning of grammatical moods in particular shares many assumptions with Searle’s theory of speech acts. We both “hypothesize that speaking a language is engaging in a rule-governed form of behavior”, using familiar parlor games as objects of comparison, and subscribe to the view that a theory of (the use of) language is well considered a part of a theory of action.1 It is therefore of interest to see where the most conspicuous differences seem to He between the speech act approach and the language game approach.

This paper focuses on the return link of a GEO satellite system that collects information from a large number of IoT devices that are sparsely distributed in a large geographical area. Narrow-Band (NB) IoT transmissions, with suitable Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS), are Detected-and-Forwarded onboard the satellite, mapping each QAM symbol of the radio access link (uplink) into another equivalent PAM symbol that is suitable to modulate the intensity of the optical feeder link (downlink). Given the very large number of IoT devices that is expected to be served by the GEO satellite system, the feeder link (downlink) of the return channel is expected to be bottleneck. To tackle this limitation, apart from using an optical feeder link, time-packing is proposed to reduce the transmission time of the feeder link (downlink) without increasing the signal bandwidth and augment the number of IoT devices that could be simultaneously served in the radio access links (uplink). The Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI) that the time-packed feeder link generates is mitigated in part at the satellite gateway, using for this purpose an adaptive linear equalizer. After optical-to-electrical conversion, the NB-IoT codewords that are received in the gateway are decoded, correcting simultaneously errors introduced in both radio access and optical feeder links. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the error correction capability that the MCS of NB-IoT has when used to protect the hybrid radio/optical end-to-end return link, particularly when using a large overlapping factor to increase the optical feeder link data rate. Grant numbers : TERESA - Hybrid TERrEstrial/Satellite Air Interface for 5G and Beyond (TEC2017-90093-C3-1-R).