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[p. 445] THE SUBJECT OF this paper is a collection of essays composed, in the words of the title "as the brush goes," by Sŏp'o, that is, by Kim Manjung (1637-1692). He is well known, as the author of a masterpiece of Korean fiction, the novel Nine Cloud Dream (Kuunmong). He is also credited with another novel, less famous but not less interesting, The Record of a Southern Journey (Namjŏng ki), which is especially well documented and on which I have already published several articles.

Everywhere humans structure their social field, amongst others, by way of what is called a kinship system. Such systems include aspects of language (kinship terminology), aspects of practice and strategy (marriage, normative behaviours) and aspects of transmission and social reproduction (inheritance and descent). This chapter provides the theoretical and methodological tools to investigate this important social field.

International audience; The central message conveyed in this chapter is that there is a whole class of economic organizations that contribute substantially to what Coase (1992) called “the institutional structure of production”. These arrangements fall neither under pure market relationships nor within ‘firm boundaries’. They have multiplied because they are viewed as efficient in dealing with knowledge-based activities, solving hold-up problems, and reducing contractual hazards. They have properties of their own that deserve theoretical attention and empirical investigation.

International audience; Herbrand's theorem, widely regarded as a cornerstone of proof theory, exposes some of the constructive content of classical logic. In its simplest form, it reduces the validity of a first-order purely existential formula to that of a finite disjunction. In the general case, it reduces first-order validity to propositional validity, by understanding the structure of the assignment of first-order terms to existential quantifiers, and the causal dependency between quantifiers. In this paper, we show that Herbrand's theorem in its general form can be elegantly stated and proved as a theorem in the framework of concurrent games, a denotational semantics designed to faithfully represent causality and independence in concurrent systems, thereby exposing the concurrency underlying the computational content of classical proofs. The causal structure of concurrent strategies, paired with annotations by first-order terms, is used to specify the dependency between quantifiers implicit in proofs. Furthermore concurrent strategies can be composed, yielding a compositional proof of Herbrand's theorem, simply by interpreting classical sequent proofs in a well-chosen denotational model.

Both Literalism and Contextualism come in many varieties. There are radical, and less radical, versions of both Literalism and Contextualism. Some intermediate positions are mixtures of Literalism and Contextualism. In this paper I describe several literalist positions, several contextualist positions, and a couple of intermediate positions. My aim is to convince the reader that the Literalism/Contextualism controversy is far from being settled. In the first section, I look at the historical development of Literalism. This development reveals a gradual weakening. The question that naturally arises is: How far can we go in this direction? Where will this tendency ultimately lead us? And the obvious answer is: to Contextualism. In the second section I describe the steps which, from a critique of the currently dominant literalist position (Minimalism), can lead to Contextualism. In the last three sections I describe various contextualist positions, and I discuss possible literalist replies to the contextualist challenge.

International audience; ”Nothing in Biology makes sense, except in the light of evolution.” This famous citation of Theodosius Dobzhansky also underlies the integrative field of evolutionary medicine, which faces the challenge to combine (patho-)physiological mechanisms with evolutionary function. Here we introduce a concept from the study of animal behaviour, which are the four questions of Tinbergen that consider 1) the ontogeny of an individual describing its development, 2) its physiological machinery, which 3) has fitness consequences influencing 4) the evolutionary history (phylogeny) of future generations. It is shown how this concept can be applied to infectious disease and to chronic inflammatory systemic diseases. Evolutionary medicine takes lifetime reproductive success into account. The hypothesis to be tested is that mechanisms underlying a disease in old age might have higher fitness benefits in the pre-reproductive and / or reproductive life history stage. We emphasize that our human aim is not to increase evolutionary fitness but to reduce suffering and costs of public health. Thus, medical research might be most successful in diseases that have no lifetime fitness cost, as otherwise evolution would already have acted against it. Importantly, while no selection pressure existed to favour physiological mechanisms acting against such diseases, such mechanisms might become available via biomedical research. We conclude that for a comprehensive understanding of the pathophysiology of a disease, its fitness consequences and its evolutionary history should be considered. The special situation of the immune system and chronic inflammatory systemic diseases is highlighted.

International audience

International audience; This chapter explores the challenging terrain of images and scientific visualisations as a way of investigating and understanding climate and climate change within the context of society and culture. I retain the notions of images and visualisations here, as opposed to representation, in order to avoid the numerous metaphysical connotations the action of ‘re-presenting’may imply (Rheinberger 2001). Visualisation in the context of climate change is thus understood as a means of knowledge construction, and it necessarily implies imagination, political sensibilities, as well as material actions. My focus here will be on spatial visualisations of climate in the form of maps and in particular the history of climate classifications. The study draws mainly on a systematic investigation of several important scientific map collections, complemented by careful readings of several influential scientific treaties on meteorology and climate, as well as a critical survey of the available historical literature on climate and its cultural understandings. 1 Some of the questions I would like to address here are: What would a longue durée history of climate visualisations look like? What can graphs and maps tell us about a changing climate and its history? And more importantly, what can we learn from such a longue durée visual perspective, in particular within the contemporary context of anthropogenic climate change?

Tungsten carbide-based coatings have been used in a wide variety of industrial applications such as high speed cutting tools, extrusion dies, drills, aerospace industries, and more. A few reports on ternary and quaternary coatings of WC with other elements indicate good prospects for these material systems. The present study focuses on the formation of quaternary WCeCreN and WCeAleN coatings during the simultaneous reactive RF-magnetron sputtering of tungsten carbide and Al or Cr targets in an argon/nitrogen gas mixture. The resulting coatings, with thicknesses of 3.5 mme8.2 mm, were characterized by using several analytical techniques including X-ray diffraction, SEM/EDS, AFM, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. WCeCreN and WCeAleN coatings with high levels of tungsten (i.e. more than 50 at.% of the total metal content) demonstrated dense microstructure. Coatings with lower tungsten content formed columnar grain microstructure, with different surface morphologies depending on the process parameters. It was proposed that crystalline tungsten carbide (with partial N-substitution of C atoms) and chromium (or aluminum) nitride phases coexist in the coatings when the amount of tungsten was greater than 50 at.% of the total metal content; while at lower tungsten content, the dominating crystalline phase is either W-doped CrN1 y or AlN1 y solid solution, with WC1 x and small amounts of free sp2-bonded carbon present as X-ray amorphous phases. U.S. National Science Foundation under the awards DMR-0806521, DRM-0922910 Regional Council of Burgundy, France

International audience; This article aims at conceptually marking out the different cognitive processes involved in the experience of mobile art devices, and at understanding to what extent the involvement of these cognitive processes is different from their involvement in other forms of art.