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The focus of this chapter is on the ways in which members of the senatorial order in the late Republic (and those who aspired to join that order) exploited a knowledge of the law to further their careers. Cicero is the best-documented example, whose activity demonstrates a complex relationship between those who claimed expert theoretical knowledge of the law and those who spoke in the courts, between ‘jurists’ and ‘orators’. Drawing on the results of a ERC-funded project based at the University of Glasgow which is editing the fragments of Republican oratory (‘The Fragments of Republican Roman Oratory’), this chapter explores the intersections between political careers and the varieties of forensic activity.\ud It begins with an analysis of the phenomenon of the ‘early career’ prosecution, in which a young man, in his late teens or early twenties, brought a prosecution against a senior public figure, usually an ex-consul, on charges relating to misconduct in a public office. This move, which seems to begin with L. Licinius Crassus’ prosecution of C. Papirius Carbo in 119, was widely imitated over the following seventy years. Its attraction was that it offered an opportunity to act on the public stage, and begin to develop a public and career-enhancing reputation, a decade or more before the speaker could seek membership of the Senate. Since prosecution depended on private initiative, and there were no qualifications for those who spoke in the Forum, the young and inexperienced were not barred from such very high-profile activity. However, examination of those who took this route shows that it was available only to a very limited group: nobiles, who had the family backing and connections to insulate themselves against the consequences of a failed prosecution. In addition, many such prosecutions came with a justificatory back-story, often framing them as responses to earlier injuries inflicted by the defendant. And it seems inevitable that such prosecutions were in reality team efforts, in which the inexperienced lead prosecutor was supported by friends and experts.\ud The early career prosecution thus highlights the potential of forensic activity to claim popular attention and pave the way to electoral success; and the dangers associated with it. Successful forensic activity required talent and application: Cicero’s emphasis on this in his technical works on oratory is not simply self-serving. If we examine the subsequent careers of the early prosecutors, it emerges that not all continued with their forensic efforts. Indeed, a catalogue of forensically active senators is a short list throughout the Republic; at any one point, it seems that fewer than a dozen senators were regularly appearing in the courts. The smallness of the cadre indicates that forensic activity should not be seen as a normal part of public life, but as a specialised task which only added consistent value to a career if pursued with diligence and a high degree of technical competence.

No abstract available.

No abstract available.

The years of ‘happy scaling’ are over and the fundamental challenges that the semiconductor industry faces, at both technology and device level, will impinge deeply upon the design of future integrated circuits and systems. This paper provides an introduction to these challenges and gives an overview of the Grid infrastructure that will be developed as part of a recently funded EPSRC pilot project to address them, and we hope, which will revolutionise the electronics design industry.

This chapter provides an outline of how ethnic diversity affects political participation in Britain. It focuses on how ethnicity related barriers hinder political participation, before concluding that the political participation of ethnic and racial minorities is related to their political rights and the scale of their political representation. Ethnicity is a term that describes the real or imagined features of group membership, typically in terms of one or other combination of language, collective memory, culture, ritual, dress and religion, amongst other features. The necessity of forming such ‘ethnic’ trade unions was due to the lack of support from the British trade union movement. Ethnic minorities were also influential inside the Labour Party, exemplified by the ten-year ‘Black Sections’ movement that commenced in 1983 and was the most important campaign for representation and self-organisation within the party. The formal political participation of ethnic minorities by means of voting is, inevitably, premised upon their levels of electoral registration

No abstract available.

This chapter analyses the linguistic role of analogy as a strategy of concretizing abstract concepts addressed in popular science focused on mathematics. A rich analogy used in a text popularising number theory is explored through firstly a quantitative method and then using conceptual blending, a theory taken from cognitive linguistics. The chapter demonstrates the use of corpus-based and cognitive approaches to language in the analysis of the ways in which popular science texts aim to give non-experts a sense of understanding of complex mathematical concepts.

An estimation approach is presented for kite power systems with groundbased actuation and generation. Line-based estimation of the kite state, including position and heading, limits the achievable cycle efficiency of such airborne wind energy systems due to significant estimation delay and line sag. We propose a filtering scheme to fuse onboard inertial measurements with ground-based line data for ground-based systems in pumping operation. Estimates are computed using an extended Kalman filtering scheme with a sensor-driven kinematic process model which propagates and corrects for inertial sensor biases. We further propose a visual motion tracking approach to extract estimates of the kite position from ground-based video streams. The approach combines accurate object detection with fast motion tracking to ensure long-term object tracking in real time. We present experimental results of the visual motion tracking and inertial sensor fusion on a ground-based kite power system in pumping operation and compare both methods to an existing estimation scheme based on line measurements.

English theatre of the Long Restoration (1660–1737) developed a distinctive stage presentation of servant roles, and attributed to servants aptitude and knowledge far beyond contemporary social codes and conventions. This paper examines the protocols underlying the construction of stage servants across the last four decades of the seventeenth-century, and then analyses how these roles and protocols suddenly mutate in the new bourgeois theatre of the early eighteenth-century, in parallel with a shift in philosophy as the dominance of Thomas Hobbes’s universalism was displaced by more class-inflected positions grounded in the thought of John Locke.