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In this study, we compare the output quality of two MT systems, a statistical (SMT) and a neural (NMT) engine, customised for Swiss Post's Language Service using the same training data. We focus on the point of view of professional translators and investigate how they perceive the differences between the MT output and a human reference (namely deletions, substitutions, insertions and word order). Our findings show that translators more frequently consider these differences to be errors in SMT than NMT, and that deletions are the most serious errors in both architectures. We also observe there to be less agreement on differences to be corrected in NMT than SMT, suggesting that errors are easier to identify in SMT. These findings confirm the ability of NMT to produce correct paraphrases, which could also explain why BLEU is often considered to be an inadequate metric to evaluate the performance of NMT systems.

L'actualité des cas d'infanticide nous invite à interroger l'origine historique des folies de la maternité.

This chapter analyses the norms and principles concerning the management of transboundary waters under international law, as well as the provisions of the Water Framework Directive on the same issue under European Union law. Then, the focus is moved to the hydrographical situation of Italy and the waters the country shares with neighbouring States. Even though, unlike other European countries, Italy does not share major watercourses or water bodies with other States, in at least a couple of cases (Lake Maggiore and Lake Lugano shared with Switzerland, and River Isonzo/Soča shared with Slovenia) joint management and control systems are in force, which pre-date the WFD by many years.

This chapter focuses on the contributions of economists to the selection, design, and evaluation of language policies, particularly since the late 1970s. We show how to perform status analysis using available data on earnings, language skills, language of work, and language of consumption. Then, we turn to the evaluation of the costs and benefits of language policy measures. We add a section on the use of stylized data, an approach common in economic theoretical modeling and empirical evaluation. Finally, this chapter discusses some challenges in understanding the role of economic processes in language issues.

Les données recueillies par les citoyens ainsi que les satellites, les drones et autres capteurs sont analysées par différentes formes d'IA, et contribuent ainsi aux efforts des organisations de la société civile (ONG) pour mieux conserver la biodiversité et lutter contre le changement climatique. Néanmoins, les ONG doivent souvent s'associer avec des entreprises technologiques afin de bénéficier de leur expertise technologique, de leurs innovations matérielles et logicielles, de leur capacité avancée de gestion et d'analyse des données et, dans certains cas, de financements supplémentaires. L'intensité croissante de la technologie peut alors devenir limitante et pose la question du rôle de ces technologies émergentes et des grandes entreprises technologiques dans la définition du futur de la protection de l'environnement. Ces dernières, qui ont accès aux données volumineuses, et à la technologie de l'IA, vont probablement, volontairement ou involontairement, influencer ce que sera la conservation au 21e siècle.

Liver metastases often result secondary to colorectal cancer and curative prognosis is poor. Magnetic resonance high intensity focused ultrasound is a bur-geoning technique with the potential to provide a new image-guidance modality for focused ultrasound ablation of both primary and secondary liver tumors. This is particularly important for colorectal liver metastases cases ineligible for surgical resection, as chemotherapy can often be ineffective at bridging the patient for surgery, and liver transplant has generally been inadequate. At least one system for focused ultrasound ablation of primary and secondary tumors has previously been approved in the European Union, under ultrasound guidance. Magnetic resonance guidance offers many benefits, such as: integration with pre-existing imaging systems, real-time temperature mapping, and ability to assess treatment with MRI during the procedure. This chapter reviews the main aspects in treatment of this disease using this new therapy, including: focused ultrasound physics, magnetic resonance physics, magnetic resonance sequences and protocols in liver imaging, protocols and sequences in magnetic resonance thermometry, standard treatment options and limitations, relevant ongoing clinical trials, previous pilot studies, and outlooks for potential translation of this image-guidance modality as a novel ablative therapy for colorectal liver metastases.

AbstractQuality of life (QoL) refers to an individual’s well-being including their physical and psychological health, social relationships, and environmental domains. Current assessments of QoL are mostly qualitative and infrequent, following a self-reported approach. However, the recent widespread availability of personalized and miniaturized technological innovations, including mobile devices and applications, has enabled the continuous assessment of daily life behaviors that contribute to or result from the individual’s QoL. The continuous assessment of behaviors facilitates an enhanced understanding of an individual’s short-term as well as long-term health and QoL. This chapter outlines the World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL, and specifically the WHOQOL-BREF) instrument, which provides a way to categorize the behaviors and aspects of daily life that contribute to an individual’s QoL. As a result, the WHOQOL-BREF presented here serves as the organizational method for this book. Additionally, this chapter presents 71 technology-enabled daily life assessment studies conducted by “quantified-selfers” across the span of the last 6 years, and draws lessons learned by the community. Overall, this chapter illustrates how technology-enabled assessments of an individual’s daily life behaviors and QoL can complement current self-reported QoL assessments. Following this, each chapter within this book elaborates on technology-enabled assessments of a specific dimension of an individual’s QoL.

Les cartographies produites par les peuples autochtones renvoient tantôt à une appropriation par les peuples autochtones du langage et des techniques cartographiques de l’État moderne à des fins d’émancipation politique, tantôt à des formes de savoirs géographiques et des ontologies territoriales propres aux sociétés autochtones. Ce chapitre examine les enjeux politiques, sociaux et épistémologiques de ce double usage de la cartographie.