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The focus of this chapter is on the ways in which members of the senatorial order in the late Republic (and those who aspired to join that order) exploited a knowledge of the law to further their careers. Cicero is the best-documented example, whose activity demonstrates a complex relationship between those who claimed expert theoretical knowledge of the law and those who spoke in the courts, between ‘jurists’ and ‘orators’. Drawing on the results of a ERC-funded project based at the University of Glasgow which is editing the fragments of Republican oratory (‘The Fragments of Republican Roman Oratory’), this chapter explores the intersections between political careers and the varieties of forensic activity.\ud It begins with an analysis of the phenomenon of the ‘early career’ prosecution, in which a young man, in his late teens or early twenties, brought a prosecution against a senior public figure, usually an ex-consul, on charges relating to misconduct in a public office. This move, which seems to begin with L. Licinius Crassus’ prosecution of C. Papirius Carbo in 119, was widely imitated over the following seventy years. Its attraction was that it offered an opportunity to act on the public stage, and begin to develop a public and career-enhancing reputation, a decade or more before the speaker could seek membership of the Senate. Since prosecution depended on private initiative, and there were no qualifications for those who spoke in the Forum, the young and inexperienced were not barred from such very high-profile activity. However, examination of those who took this route shows that it was available only to a very limited group: nobiles, who had the family backing and connections to insulate themselves against the consequences of a failed prosecution. In addition, many such prosecutions came with a justificatory back-story, often framing them as responses to earlier injuries inflicted by the defendant. And it seems inevitable that such prosecutions were in reality team efforts, in which the inexperienced lead prosecutor was supported by friends and experts.\ud The early career prosecution thus highlights the potential of forensic activity to claim popular attention and pave the way to electoral success; and the dangers associated with it. Successful forensic activity required talent and application: Cicero’s emphasis on this in his technical works on oratory is not simply self-serving. If we examine the subsequent careers of the early prosecutors, it emerges that not all continued with their forensic efforts. Indeed, a catalogue of forensically active senators is a short list throughout the Republic; at any one point, it seems that fewer than a dozen senators were regularly appearing in the courts. The smallness of the cadre indicates that forensic activity should not be seen as a normal part of public life, but as a specialised task which only added consistent value to a career if pursued with diligence and a high degree of technical competence.

This chapter discusses how participatory methodologies (specifically, a critical participatory action research cycle involving planning, action, observation, and reflection) were developed in an online research project on critical English language education in a context of protracted crisis, in the Gaza Strip (Palestine). The impediments to research imposed by the COVID-19 global pandemic are nothing new to the Gaza Strip, which has been under blockade since 2007, impacting Gazans’ mental and physical wellbeing, affecting Gazan academics participation in international networks and collaborative partnerships and obstructing the flow of knowledge, books and teaching materials. Critical, creative and localised pedagogies enabled UK-based researchers and pre-service, secondary school English teachers based in the Gaza Strip to jointly develop, trial and evaluate teaching materials and lesson plans.

Mapping is proposed as a method to overcome universalist and Eurocentric assumptions in music historiography and arrive at more cosmopolitan conceptions. The chapter is accompanied by two maps produced with GIS (Geographic Information System) software, showing membership (by entry date) of the International Society for Contemporary Music (ISCM), the diffusion of dodecaphony (by the date of the first verified dodecaphonic composition by country) and the founding of conservatoires across the globe. The maps’ creation further involved the use of crowdsourcing. The opportunities and limitations of mapping are discussed both in relation to the concrete examples and the method in general.

No abstract available.

No abstract available.

This chapter provides an outline of how ethnic diversity affects political participation in Britain. It focuses on how ethnicity related barriers hinder political participation, before concluding that the political participation of ethnic and racial minorities is related to their political rights and the scale of their political representation. Ethnicity is a term that describes the real or imagined features of group membership, typically in terms of one or other combination of language, collective memory, culture, ritual, dress and religion, amongst other features. The necessity of forming such ‘ethnic’ trade unions was due to the lack of support from the British trade union movement. Ethnic minorities were also influential inside the Labour Party, exemplified by the ten-year ‘Black Sections’ movement that commenced in 1983 and was the most important campaign for representation and self-organisation within the party. The formal political participation of ethnic minorities by means of voting is, inevitably, premised upon their levels of electoral registration

No abstract available.

This chapter considers the relationship between intellectuals and cultural policies, in particular in the role played by various categories of ‘expert’ in the production of the official discourse on creativity that now occupies the conceptual high ground and has effectively displaced — or at least obscured — the discourse on the cultural industries.1

This chapter analyses the linguistic role of analogy as a strategy of concretizing abstract concepts addressed in popular science focused on mathematics. A rich analogy used in a text popularising number theory is explored through firstly a quantitative method and then using conceptual blending, a theory taken from cognitive linguistics. The chapter demonstrates the use of corpus-based and cognitive approaches to language in the analysis of the ways in which popular science texts aim to give non-experts a sense of understanding of complex mathematical concepts.

An estimation approach is presented for kite power systems with groundbased actuation and generation. Line-based estimation of the kite state, including position and heading, limits the achievable cycle efficiency of such airborne wind energy systems due to significant estimation delay and line sag. We propose a filtering scheme to fuse onboard inertial measurements with ground-based line data for ground-based systems in pumping operation. Estimates are computed using an extended Kalman filtering scheme with a sensor-driven kinematic process model which propagates and corrects for inertial sensor biases. We further propose a visual motion tracking approach to extract estimates of the kite position from ground-based video streams. The approach combines accurate object detection with fast motion tracking to ensure long-term object tracking in real time. We present experimental results of the visual motion tracking and inertial sensor fusion on a ground-based kite power system in pumping operation and compare both methods to an existing estimation scheme based on line measurements.