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Une introduction à la théorie du transfert radiatif et à quelques unes de ses applications est présentée. Ce cours simple et non exhaustif présente la théorie élémentaire, les domaines dans lesquels cette théorie est utile, et les méthodes les plus simples de résolution de l'équation du transfert radiatif (ETR). Des sujets peu abordés par les astrophysiciens y sont traités (sphère intégrante, correction de Giovanelli...). Ce cours correspond à l'enseignement de transfert radiatif du Master Physique Informatique de l'université de Montpellier 2.

International audience; Why do we compare? (1) Goals and methods of science • to advance our understanding of the world • answering " what? " (observation) is not sufficient, we also need to ask " how? " and " why? " (explanation) • the hallmark of the scientific method is the artificial experiment , but such experiments are often not possible or ethical in many fields, especially those who study the past and unique events: evolutionary biology, archaeology, but also epidemiology, ecology, sociology, etc. • one alternative to the controlled experiment is the " natural experiment " , or " comparative method " : manipulation is replaced by comparison with other attested cases • comparison has a long history and has been a standard method of enquiry in anatomy for centuries We consider that it is worth while to examine many animals of different species because what is often more condensed or more concealed in one species Nature displays more clearly and openly in another. (Regnier de Graaf 1663, Disputatio medica de natura et usu succi pancreatici, cited in Cole 1944: 12) (2) In linguistics too, comparison is an invaluable tool 1. typological comparison: search for the universal laws, tendencies, and possible variations of language (see the presentation by M. Shimoji) 2. historical comparison: explanation of languages by reference to their evolutionary changes, as revealed by comparison with related languages 1 The historical comparative method in linguistics (3) Motivation and method • usually, we cannot observe ling. changes, only their results • there are usually few historical records, so that we have to rely on comparison with related languages, which constitute as many pieces of the original puzzle • we infer (reconstruct) an earlier state (proto-language) from which all languages can be plausibly derived • regularity of sound change and arbitrariness of form-meaning associations allow to rule out coincidences (4) Alternatives to the traditional comparative method? • mass comparison, lexical diffusion, allofams, typology-based classifications, etc., have not and will never produce any reliable etymology nor explain any irregular inflection • i.e. they do not solve interesting problems

Humans can effortlessly extract the affective meaning of touch delivered to another person`s skin as well as their own. Interpersonal touch communication conveys discrete emotion and intention. For example, we can easily imagine experiencing a warm feeling when observing a person being hugged. Previous findings about simple touch observation suggested that this phenomenon could be linked to somatosensory resonance and the theory of mind (ToM). Yet, concerning more complex interpersonal affective touch, our understanding of how such mechanisms work is still limited. Thus, in the current study we generated a novel socio-affective touch database of 39 stimulus videos, covering both pleasant (e.g., hugging a person) and unpleasant (e.g. slapping a person) touch scenarios, and investigated how the human brain processes different types of interpersonal affective touch during passive observation. First, 21 participants evaluated pleasantness and arousal of each touch video. Subsequently, the same participants watched the same videos in the scanner. Importantly, we also provided the participants with both positive and negative touch stimulation in the scanner to capture actual touch sensitive cortices which we used as parts of regions of interest (ROI) along with social brain regions. Using correlational multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA) methods, neural spaces of affective touch were obtained in ROIs, followed by multiple regression analysis between the group neural matrix in each ROI and affective ratings. The results suggest that both actual touch sensitive cortices and social brain regions represent valence information after controlling the effects of arousal and other visual factors. Our findings highlight the involvement of social understanding and a mirror somatosensory system during observation of other`s affective touch interactions in the absence of actual touch. ispartof: International Association for the Study of Affective Touch location:Liverpool, UK date:1 Sep - 3 Sep 2017 status: published

Having the means to share research data openly is essential to modern science. For human research, a key aspect in this endeavor is obtaining consent from participants, not just to take part in a study, which is a basic ethical principle, but also to share their data with the scientific community. To ensure that the participants' privacy is respected, national and/or supranational regulations and laws are in place. It is, however, not always clear to researchers what the implications of those are, nor how to comply with them. The Open Brain Consent (https://open-brain-consent.readthedocs.io) is an international initiative that aims to provide researchers in the brain imaging community with information about data sharing options and tools. We present here a short history of this project and its latest developments, and share pointers to consent forms, including a template consent form that is compliant with the EU general data protection regulation. We also share pointers to an associated data user agreement that is not only useful in the EU context, but also for any researchers dealing with personal (clinical) data elsewhere.

Human physiology changes in predictable ways in anticipation of and after exposure to emotional visual stimuli. In a series of experiments reported by Radin (1997), it was found that even when stimuli were adequately randomized, so that the upcoming stimuli could not be inferred, that anticipatory responses (as measured by changes in skin conductance) before exposure to emotional pictures were significantly larger than before exposure to calm pictures. In three subsequent expreriments, the first and third close replications and the second a conceptual replication of Radin s studies, Bierman confirmed this so called "presentiment" or pre-feeling effect. Bierman sub-sequently decided to see whether these anomalies observed in physiological baseline measurements could also be found in data from studies published previously in the main stream literature. Two datasets were found and reanalyzed. The first dataset as from a study on the speed with which fear arises in animal phobic participants vs. controls by the German group of Hamm. The second study was concerned with the difference in anticipatory responses prior to choosing cards from risky vs. non-risky decks of cards in a gambling task by the US group of Damasio. The combined result showed a significant anomalous difference similar to the effects found in the original studies by Radin and Bierman. A new development in presentiment research is the measurement of brain images rather than skin conductance preceding the presentation of randomized neutral and emotional stimuli. Preliminary results suggest that the anomaly can be located in the brain. This would allow for more detailed inspection of differences between different types of emotional stimuli like violent and erotic.

Using advanced neuroimaging to communicate with individuals in a vegetative state, medical science is developing a richer understanding of 'disorders of consciousness'. Join Adrian Owen, Canada Excellence Research Chair in Neuroscience and Imaging at Western, as he shares pioneering insights into our deepening knowledge of some of the most challenging questions about how the brain functions and the very nature of consciousness.

Contains fulltext : 139156.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) Inaugurele rede, 26 september 2013 22 p.