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1. Ballast water has been identified as a leading vector for introduction of non-indigenous species (NIS). Recently, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) implemented management standards – D-2 – where all large, commercial ships trading internationally are required to adopt an approved treatment system using technologies such as ultraviolet radiation or chlorination. However, current management regulations are based only on the total abundance of viable taxa transported (i.e., total propagule pressure), largely ignoring species richness (i.e., colonization pressure).2. To determine the efficacy of chlorine treatment in reducing invasion risks and changes in transported biological communities inside ballast tanks, we used DNA metabarcoding-based approaches to estimate colonization pressure (here, the number of species/Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) introduced) and relative propagule pressure (relative abundance of each species/OTU) of zooplankton communities in control and chlorine treated tanks during four transatlantic voyages. 3. Our study demonstrated that transport itself did not significantly reduce colonization pressure of zooplankton species, nor did chlorine treatment. Chlorine treatment altered community structure by reducing relative propagule pressure of some taxa such as Mollusca and Rotifera, while increasing relative propagule pressure of some Oligohymenophorea and Copepoda species.4. Synthesis and applications. Chlorine treatment may not reduce invasion risks as much as previously thought. Reduction in total propagule pressure does not mean reduction in abundance of all species equally. While some taxa might experience drastically reduced abundance, others might not change at all or increase due to hatching from dormant stages initiated by chlorine exposure. Therefore, management strategies should consider changes in total propagule pressure and colonization pressure when forecasting risk of new invasions. We therefore recommend adopting new approaches, such as DNA metabarcoding-based methods, to assess the whole biodiversity discharged from ballast water. As species responses to chlorine treatment are variable and affected by concentration, we also recommend a combination of different technologies to reduce introduction risks of aquatic organisms. Supplement to: Lin, Yaping; Zhan, Aibin; Hernandez, Marco R; Paolucci, Esteban; MacIsaac, Hugh J; Briski, Elizabeta (2020): Can chlorination of ballast water reduce biological invasions? Journal of Applied Ecology, 57(2), 331-343 The zip file includes:1. raw_data_clean.fasta: Raw sequence reads of zooplankton in ballast water samples2. raw_data.fasta: OTU representative sequences3. OTU_table.xlsx: OTU table

The main petroleum product transported through pipelines in Canada is diluted bitumen (dilbit), a semi-liquid form of heavy crude oil mixed with natural gas condensates to facilitate transport. The weathering, fate, behaviour, and environmental effects of dilbit are crucial to consider when responding to a spill, however few environmental studies on dilbit have been completed. Here we report on 11-day long experimental spills of dilbit (Cold Lake Winter Blend) in outdoor micro-cosms meant to simulate a low-energy aquatic system containing natural lake water and sedi-ments treated with a low (1:8,000 oil:water) and high (1:800 oil:water) volume of dilbit. In the first 24 hours of the experiment, volatile hydrocarbons quickly evaporated from the dilbit, result-ing in increased dilbit density and viscosity. These changes in dilbit’s physical and chemical properties ultimately led to its submergence after 8 days. We also detected rapid accumulation of polycyclic aromatic compounds in the water column of the treated-microcosms following the spills. Our study provides new information on the environmental fate and behaviour of dilbit in a freshwater environment that will be critical to environmental risk assessments of proposed pipe-line projects. In particular, our study demonstrates the propensity for dilbit to sink under ambient environmental conditions in fresh waters typical of many boreal lakes.

Supplement to: Callbeck, Cameron; Lavik, Gaute; Ferdelman, Timothy G; Fuchs, Bernhard M; Gruber-Vodicka, Harald R; Hach, Philipp F; Littmann, Sten; Schoffelen, Niels J; Kalvelage, Tim; Thomsen, Soeren; Schunck, Harald; Löscher, Carolin R; Schmitz, Ruth A; Kuypers, Marcel MM (2018): Oxygen minimum zone cryptic sulfur cycling sustained by offshore transport of key sulfur oxidizing bacteria. The data set includes, sulfide and sulfur concentrations, SUP05 cell densities, as well as denitrification and carbon fixation rates (based on 15N- and 13C-labelled in situ incubation experiments). The transect extends from the sulfidic upper shelf into the sulfide-free offshore oxygen minimum zone.

Table S1 The locations of the 20 pet shops surveyed across Northern Ireland :

We compared Centroid Moment Tensors (CMTs), calculated for large (Mw >5), shallow (<30 km) seismic events to the orientations of seafloor lineaments (n = 4000) mapped throughout the Lau Basin, in the SW Pacific. Ship-based multibeam was combined with vertical gravity gradient data to provide comprehensive coverage to create the lineament map. By comparing the possible focal planes of the CMTs to the orientations of the lineaments, the most likely fault plane solutions were selected, thus classifying the faults and establishing the nature of the highly variable stress regimes in the basin. We resolved the strike, dip and dip direction of 308 faults, and classified 258 additional structures by fault type. The majority of the table was data downloaded from the Global Centroid Moment Tensor (GCMT) database (www.globalcmt.org: accessed October 2018). For more details about the column headers consult the GCMT database website. New data from this study include the latitude and longitude error estimates (in meters), the classified faults (column: 'fault_type'), and the stress domain (column: 'stress_domain'), allocated to each of the classified faults.

Table S1. Genomic resources used in this study. Table S2. Archaeplastidal homeobox collection of TALE protein analyzed in this study. Table S3. KNOX domain homology among KNOX classes. Table S4. Primers used in this study. Table S5. Yeast-two-hybrid constructs used in this study. Table S6. Homeobox profile in Trebouxiophyceae. (XLSX 370 kb)

R Script Biplot Creation :

R Script Triplot Creation :

Fuerteventura detrital zircon geochemistry, U-Pb age and Hf/O isotopic compositions

Recent global surveys of marine biodiversity have revealed that a group of organisms known as “marine diplonemids” constitutes one of the most abundant and diverse planktonic lineages [1]. Though discovered over a decade ago [2 and 3], their potential importance was unrecognized, and our knowledge remains restricted to a single gene amplified from environmental DNA, the 18S rRNA gene (small subunit [SSU]). Here, we use single-cell genomics (SCG) and microscopy to characterize ten marine diplonemids, isolated from a range of depths in the eastern North Pacific Ocean. Phylogenetic analysis confirms that the isolates reflect the entire range of marine diplonemid diversity, and comparisons to environmental SSU surveys show that sequences from the isolates range from rare to superabundant, including the single most common marine diplonemid known. SCG generated a total of ∼915 Mbp of assembled sequence across all ten cells and ∼4,000 protein-coding genes with homologs in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) orthology database, distributed across categories expected for heterotrophic protists. Models of highly conserved genes indicate a high density of non-canonical introns, lacking conventional GT-AG splice sites. Mapping metagenomic datasets [4] to SCG assemblies reveals virtually no overlap, suggesting that nuclear genomic diversity is too great for representative SCG data to provide meaningful phylogenetic context to metagenomic datasets. This work provides an entry point to the future identification, isolation, and cultivation of these elusive yet ecologically important cells. The high density of nonconventional introns, however, also portends difficulty in generating accurate gene models and highlights the need for the establishment of stable cultures and transcriptomic analyses. Single-cell genomic scaffolds from 10 'wild-caught' marine diplonemidsFASTA format single-cell genomic scaffolds of 10 marine diplonemid (protist) cells are presented. Scaffolds were generated with the SPAdes assembler; contaminating sequences were removed, as described in the publication. Each FASTA file is derived from a single cell. Cells are referred to by the numbers used in the publication (i.e., cells 3, 13, 21, 27, 37, 47, 1sb, 4sb, 9sb, 21sb) as no species names exist.marine_diplonemid_SAGs.zipFigure S1 (related to Figure 1). Taxon-annotated GC plots demonstrate the effectiveness of our decontamination procedure.Plots were generated using blobtools (https://github.com/DRL/blobtools) for each SCG assembly before and after decontamination using the megablast/blastx protocol described in Experimental Procedures. Plots are based on megablast queries of the NCBI nt database according to taxonomic Order.FigS1.pdf