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Los datos disponibles de las investigaciones realizadas en el ámbito de las TIC vienen a corroborar que las escuelas tienen serias dificultades para adaptarse a las demandas de la sociedad del conocimiento. Esta adaptación implica un enorme esfuerzo para ajustar sus estructuras (curriculares, organizativas y profesionales) a modelos de enseñanza y aprendizaje innovadores, caracterizados por la construcción del conocimiento como resultado de un proceso colaborativo. Por otra parte, las actuales presiones sociales hacen más difícil a la escuela la tarea de repensar sus funciones tradicionales y, asimismo, la creación de nuevos entornos de aprendizaje (incorporación de aparatos cada vez más sofisticados, intensificación de tareas, reestructuración de los factores implicados de los procesos de enseñar y aprender, etc.). Como respuesta a esta situación, decidimos iniciar un trabajo de indagación continuado y sostenible que adopta la forma de estudios de caso y que bien puede constituir una ocasión para que la propia escuela repiense globalmente su sentido en el contexto de la sociedad del conocimiento. En este artículo nos centramos específicamente en uno de los estudios de caso en curso.

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The aims of this thesis were to evaluate caries-preventive measures from a societal perspective, to demonstrate the use of resources in preventive dentistry, to develop and discuss techniques suitable for evaluating dental care costs and outcomes, and to test costs and consequences within a health economic decision model adapted to preventive dental care. The thesis is based on three separate studies with three separate cohorts. In the first study, performed at a single dental clinic, analysis was made of data on dental caries progression over four years in 92 adolescents, along with the use of resources for preventive treatment. In the second study, data from the intervention study “Evaluation of caries-preventive measures” (performed between 1995 and 1999 at 26 dental health clinics throughout Sweden) were used for economic evaluation. Three different approaches to calculating unit cost were discussed, each of which reflect the differences in treatment costs as influenced by the practitioner’s level of skill and competence (salary) and by methods of handling overhead cost allocation. These methods seem useful for evaluating costs in cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) and cost-benefit analysis (CBA). The CEA showed an incremental cost-effectiveness over four years of SEK 2 043* per averted decayed (D) enamel (e) and dentine caries, missing (M) and filled (F) surface (S) (DeMFS). In the third study, 82 19-year-old individuals agreed to participate in a pilot exploratory case-control study. Individuals with high caries experience formed the test group while the control group consisted of individuals with no caries experience. To explore whether any differences existed between these two groups in perceived oral health-related quality of life (OHRQOL), two OHRQOL measures were used. Additionally, the willingness of these individuals to pay (WTP) for a preventive strategy was elicited using the contingent valuation method (CVM) within a cost-benefit approach. Using these WTP values, the cost-benefit analyses showed positive net social benefit (NSB) values for both study groups, meaning that the benefits of prevention exceeded the costs. A new outcome measure, Value of Statistical Oral Health (VOSOH), was also presented. Consideration was also made, within the economic framework fundamental to this thesis, of the trend away from a strictly bio-medical paradigm towards a biopsychosocial perspective. The health economic decision model encompasses a number of different techniques for comparing costs with consequences, each with its own advantages and disadvantages and each with its own field of application. These techniques should be seen as complementary rather than competing. Preventive dentistry plays a central role in Swedish dental health care, and it is important that resources are used properly. Accurate evaluation methods are necessary in order to improve the basis for public decision-making; the methods proposed in this thesis seem to be of potential use in this endeavour. *SEK8.54 = US$1 (December 1999).

This article considers the emergence of Charles George Gordon (1833–1885) as new type of Christian technological hero in the context of Victorian representations and discussions concerning war. Gordon’s example demonstrates the role of technology in relation to the heroic in three ways: by the atavistic desire for the pure categories of the past, which seemed to have been swept aside by capital and new industry; by virtue of the role of print, image and communication technologies to spread the knowledge of the new hero’s exploits, and by the fact that the hero, in military and other contexts, was increasingly a technologist. My aim is to investigate Gordon’s own ambivalence about the technological militarized society he came to represent in the context of the crisis narratives proceeding from the Crimea and the Sepoy Mutiny to the debacle at Khartoum and its aftermath.

Povećanje intenziteta prometa uvjetuje izradu dugotrajnih kolničkih konstrukcija s vijekom trajanja od 20 do 40 godina. Sredstva koja su sada dostupna za održavanje i rekonstrukciju nisu dostatna za sprečavanje pojave kolotraga na postojećim cestama i ulicama s asfaltnom kolničkom konstrukcijom. Zbog tih se faktora istražuju novi materijali, mješavine i metode za izradu asfaltnih mješavina. Jedno od mogućih rješenja je i primjena asfaltbetona visokih modula. U radu su prikazana laboratorijska ispitivanja asfaltbetona visokih modula pri čemu su korištene razne vrste bitumenskih veziva i mineralnih agregata. High value of traffic flow influenced the need to build long lasting pavement structures with design life of more than 20–40 years. Current budget for maintenance and reconstruction is not sufficient for preventing the rutting on the existing asphalt pavement roads and streets. These factors lead to search for new materials, mixtures, and methods for preparation of asphalt mixes. The high modulus asphalt concrete is regarded as one of possible solutions. The laboratory study of the high modulus asphalt concrete with different types of bitumen binder and mineral aggregates is presented in the paper.

Cocepts of charismatic leadershıp and organizational devotion have been examined particularly from the perspectives organizational behavior , sociology ,psychology and administration science for last three decade. In dhis study, concepts of charismatic leadership ,charismatic leadership theory of conger and kanungo, sentimental devotion and the factors affecting setimental devotion, charecteristics of charismatic leader and relationshıps between charecteristic of charismatic leadership and emotional devotion have been examined Karizmatik liderlik ve örgütsel bağlılık son 30 yıldan bu yana başta örgütsel davranışolmak üzere sosyoloji, psikoloji ve yönetim bilimi gibi disiplinler tarafından incelenmektedir Bu çalışmada karizmatik liderlik ,Conger ve Kanungo`nun karizmatik liderlik teorisi, duygusal baglılık ve duygusal baglılıgıetkileyen faktörler, karizmatik lider özellikleri ve karizmatik lider özellikleriyle duygusal baglılık arasındaki ilişkiler incelenmiştir.

This essay is about getting inside the sensibility of the archaic past.[1] Can we get into the creative mind of the painter of The Sorcerer? Can we reconstruct the sensibility of prehistoric humans? Can we recover the humor of the prehistoric artist? Can we do it? After all, sense equipment is the same in men and women of all ages, and though each age inflects its sense usages uniquely, there should remain an underlying continuity among sensibilities. Shouldn't we be able to return into earlier forms of those usages? Can we tell whether we have been successful in accomplishing that return? Can just getting inside the sensibility of the past be of use to us in our own quest for humanity?[2] Or is there some other justification for a regression into the sensibility of the past? I tackle those questions here.

By the end of the twelfth-century, a new type of literature had come into being in North-western Europe, combining an older warrior ethic with the newly formed refined culture of the courts. This literature centred on a knightly ethic that was presumed to have been practiced by King Arthur and his knights sitting at the legendary Round table. In the various examples of this literature in different genres, this knightly ethic interacted with and attempted to influence the real knights of the twelfth century. Because these works embodied many fictional elements in their nature, they have generally been disregarded by historians as masking or distorting the everyday reality with an idealistic approach. This study aims to discuss how this interaction between this knightly ethic, promoted by the literature, and the knights of real life worked. By using evidence both from fictional and non-fictional works of the period, it tries to see the similarities between the fact and the fiction, and the sometimes common perceptions expressed by both fictional and factual narratives. This thesis reaches the conclusion that twelfth-century knights did come to regulate their behaviour within limits set by this knightly ethic and that, to an extent, they learned to do so from the literary works of the period. However, at the same time, to varying degrees, those fictional narratives were inspired and influenced by the actual social practices of the knights. 12. yüzyılın sonuna doğru, Kuzey-batı Avrupa'da asırlardır süregelen bilindik savaşçı etiğini yeni şekillenmekte olan rafine saray kültürüyle birleştiren yeni bir edebiyat türü oluşmaya başlamıştır. Bu edebiyat, Kral Arthur ve efsanevi yuvarlak masa şövalyelerinin uyguladığı varsayılan bir şövalye etiğini konu etmekteydi. Değişik edebi janrlarda çok çeşitli örneklerine rastladığımız bu tür, 12. yüzyıl şövalyesi ile karşılıklı bir etkileşim içinde gelişerek gerçek şövalye figürünü etkilemeye de girişmiştir. Bu edebi gelenek, içinde birçok kurmaca öğeyi de barındırdığından genellikle tarihçiler tarafından gerçeği yanlış yansıttığı bazen de gölgelediği gerekçesiyle göz ardı edilmiştir. Bu çalışma, çağın edebi ürünleri tarafından lanse edilen şövalyelik ülküsü ve gerçek şövalye figürü arasındaki etkileşimin nasıl vuku bulduğunu araştırmaktadır. Dönemin kurgusal ve kurgusal olmayan yazılı eserlerinden örnekler kullanarak gerçek ve edebiyat arasındaki benzerlikleri ve ortak algıları görmeyi amaçlar. Bu tez, bütün bu incelemeler sonucunda 12. yüzyılda şövalyelerin davranışlarını bir şövalye etiği sınırları çerçevesinde sınırlamaya başladıkları ve bir ölçüde de bunu dönemin edebiyat eserlerinde öğrendikleri sonucuna varır. Ancak aynı zamanda, bu kurmaca anlatılar da şövalyelerin günlük yaşamından ilham almış ve etkilenmişlerdir. 109