Infection risk assessment is very useful in understanding the transmission dynamics of infectious diseases and in predicting the risk of these diseases to the public. Quantitative infection risk assessment can provide quantitative analysis of disease transmission and the effectiveness of infection control measures. The Wells-Riley model has been extensively used for quantitative infection risk assessment of respiratory infectious diseases in indoor premises. Some newer studies have also proposed the use of dose-response models for such purpose. This study reviews and compares these two approaches to infection risk assessment of respiratory infectious diseases. The Wells-Riley model allows quick assessment and does not require interspecies extrapolation of infectivity. Dose-response models can consider other disease transmission routes in addition to airborne route and can calculate the infectious source strength of an outbreak in terms of the quantity of the pathogen rather than a hypothetical unit. Spatial distribution of airborne pathogens is one of the most important factors in infection risk assessment of respiratory disease. Respiratory deposition of aerosol induces heterogeneous infectivity of intake pathogens and randomness on the intake dose, which are not being well accounted for in current risk models. Some suggestions for further development of the risk assessment models are proposed.This review article summarizes the strengths and limitations of the Wells-Riley and the dose-response models for risk assessment of respiratory diseases. Even with many efforts by various investigators to develop and modify the risk assessment models, some limitations still persist. This review serves as a reference for further development of infection risk assessment models of respiratory diseases. The Wells-Riley model and dose-response model offer specific advantages. Risk assessors can select the approach that is suitable to their particular conditions to perform risk assessment.
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doi: 10.1145/3626956
Partial order multiway search (POMS) is a fundamental problem that finds applications in crowdsourcing, distributed file systems, software testing, and more. This problem involves an interaction between an algorithm 𝒜 and an oracle, conducted on a directed acyclic graph 𝒢 known to both parties. Initially, the oracle selects a vertex t in 𝒢 called the target . Subsequently, 𝒜 must identify the target vertex by probing reachability. In each probe , 𝒜 selects a set Q of vertices in 𝒢, the number of which is limited by a pre-agreed value k . The oracle then reveals, for each vertex q ∈ Q , whether q can reach the target in 𝒢. The objective of 𝒜 is to minimize the number of probes. We propose an algorithm to solve POMS in \(O(\log _{1+k} n + \frac{d}{k} \log _{1+d} n)\) probes, where n represents the number of vertices in 𝒢, and d denotes the largest out-degree of the vertices in 𝒢. The probing complexity is asymptotically optimal. Our study also explores two new POMS variants: The first one, named taciturn POMS , is similar to classical POMS but assumes a weaker oracle, and the second one, named EM POMS , is a direct extension of classical POMS to the external memory (EM) model. For both variants, we introduce algorithms whose performance matches or nearly matches the corresponding theoretical lower bounds.
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The global infection rate of fungal diseases is increasing year by year, and it has gradually become one of the most serious infectious diseases threatening human health. However, the side effects of antifungal drugs and the fungal resistance to these drugs are gradually increasing. Therefore, the development of new broad-spectrum, safe, and economical alternatives to antibacterial drugs are essential. Probiotics are microorganisms that are beneficial for human health. They boost human immunity, resist pathogen colonization, and reduce pathogen infection. Many investigations have shown their inhibitory activity on a wide range of pathogenic fungi. However, their antibacterial mechanism is still a secret. This article reviews the progress of probiotics as a new method for the treatment of fungal diseases.
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citations | 12 | |
popularity | Top 10% | |
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doi: 10.1039/d0nj04194g
The novel [Fe]-H2ase active site framework-containing model 6 was first prepared and structurally characterized.
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Comprehensive SummaryCarbohelicenes have garnered considerable attention for their inherent chirality and structural flexibility. Increasing multi‐helicity and incorporating non‐six‐membered rings to substitute benzenoid rings within helicenes are effective strategies for introducing unique photoelectric properties. Despite the disclosure of numerous helicenes, the inaccessible precursors and the lack of synthetic routes pose a challenge in achieving desired helicene structures fused with non‐benzenoid rings. Herein, we report the synthesis of multiple non‐benzenoid carbohelicenes fused with fluorene unit(s) through intramolecular cyclodehydrogenation of 9,10‐di(naphthalen‐1‐ yl)anthracene on Au(111) surface. Two potential cyclodehydrogenation manners between naphthyl and anthracene lead to the formation of fluorene‐fused [5]helicene and [4]helicene moiety. Consequently, a total of four stable products were observed. The atomic topographies of products are characterized by bond‐resolving scanning tunneling microscopy. The chiral helicity of targeted products can be switched by tip manipulation. Density‐functional‐theory calculations unveils the reaction pathway of four products. The comparative analysis of their respective energy barriers exhibits a correlation with the experimentally determined yields. Furthermore, we synthesize the polymer chains incorporating non‐benzenoid carbohelicenes via the Ullmann reaction of 2,6‐dibromo‐9,10‐di(1‐naphthyl)anthracene precursors. Our work proposes a synthetic methodology for several novel helicene‐like structures fused with fluorene units and the polymer bearing helicene subunits, thus highlighting the immense potential of these compounds in the application fields of luminescent electronic devices.
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Aarskog-Scott syndrome (ASS) is a rare, X-linked recessive inherited disorder. Affected individuals may develop short stature and exhibit distinctive skeletal and genital development. Mutations in the FYVE, rhogef and pleckstrin homology domain-containing protein 1 (FGD1) gene, located within the Xp11.21 region, are responsible for the occurrence of ASS. Since it is rare and complex, it can take a long time to obtain a definitive clinical diagnosis unless clinicians are familiar with the disease. In the present study, whole-exome sequencing (WES) was performed to screen for causal variants in a Chinese pediatric patient who exhibited a number of clinical symptoms of ASS, including short stature, facial abnormalities, stubby metacarpals and swollen testis. DNA sequencing revealed a novel c.1270 A>G mutation in exon 6 of the FGD1 gene, which led to an amino acid conversion of asparagine to aspartic acid on codon 424 and in silico analysis indicated that this novel missense mutation was pathogenic. The present study identified a novel variant of the FGD1 gene and to the best of our knowledge, is the first report of ASS in a Chinese individual. The results indicated that WES is an effective tool for the diagnosis of rare and complex syndromes such as ASS.
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citations | 8 | |
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Abstract Fuel vapors, soot and products of combustion near a burning fuel surface often block much of the radiative heat feedback to the fuel surface of a burning object. The blockage phenomenon was clearly observed in experiments of small 9.5 cm diameter PMMA pool fires subjected to external radiation burning in ambient atmospheres of different oxygen concentrations. The measurements are explained by a one-dimensional model of a diffusion flame, which focuses on the radiant absorption and emission of the soot–gas mixture of the flame. An approximate Band Model was developed and inserted into Radcal to compute gas absorption and emission from MMA vapor, CO 2 and H 2 O. The Radcal results are included in the one-dimensional diffusion flame model to provide a greater understanding of the radiation blockage and burning rates in various ambient atmospheres and externally imposed radiant heat fluxes. A comparison between experimental data and model prediction shows a good agreement.
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citations | 26 | |
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High resolution melting (HRM) assay is a novel technology for the fast, high-throughput, sensitive, post-PCR analysis of genetic mutations. Myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (
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Abstract The arsenic (As) methylation capacity is an important determinant of the susceptibility to arsenic-related diseases. Total As (TAs) or inorganic As (iAs) was reported to associate with As methylation capacity individually, however, influencing trend and extent of their combined exposure levels on methylation capacity remains poorly understood. We measured urinary concentrations of iAs, monomethylarsonic (MMA), and dimethylarsinic (DMA) acids using HPLC-HG-AFS, and calculated the primary (PMI: (MMA+DMA)/TAs) and secondary (SMI: DMA/(MMA+DMA)) methylation capacity indexes in 209 university students in Hefei, China, a non-As endemic area. Subjects were given with a standardized questionnaire to inquire their sociodemographic characteristics. Bayesian kernal machine regression (BKMR) analysis was used to estimate the association of lnTAs and lniAs levels with methylation indices (ln%MMA, ln%DMA, lnPMI, lnSMI). The median concentration of iAs, MMA and DMA was 1.22, 0.92 and 12.17 μg/L, respectively; the proportions of iAs, MMA and DMA were 8.76%, 6.13% and 84.84%, respectively. Females had higher %DMA and lower %MMA, while males had lower %DMA and higher %MMA. The combined levels of lnTAs and lniAs showed monotonic decrease in change of ln%DMA and lnSMI other than ln%MMA, additionally, change in ln%PMI was decreased only when levels of lnTAs and lniAs were larger than their 60th percentiles compared to they were at 50th percentile. With regard to single exposure level, the lnTAs showed positive correlation with ln%DMA, lnPMI, lnSMI when lniAs was set at a specific level; while lniAs showed negative correlation with ln%DMA, lnPMI, lnSMI when lnTAs was set at a specific level; and all the dose-response relationships were nonlinear. Our results suggested that combined levels of TAs and iAs played an important role in reducing As methylation capacity, expecially iAs; and the reduction only occured when TAs and iAs were up to a certain combined level.
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Infection risk assessment is very useful in understanding the transmission dynamics of infectious diseases and in predicting the risk of these diseases to the public. Quantitative infection risk assessment can provide quantitative analysis of disease transmission and the effectiveness of infection control measures. The Wells-Riley model has been extensively used for quantitative infection risk assessment of respiratory infectious diseases in indoor premises. Some newer studies have also proposed the use of dose-response models for such purpose. This study reviews and compares these two approaches to infection risk assessment of respiratory infectious diseases. The Wells-Riley model allows quick assessment and does not require interspecies extrapolation of infectivity. Dose-response models can consider other disease transmission routes in addition to airborne route and can calculate the infectious source strength of an outbreak in terms of the quantity of the pathogen rather than a hypothetical unit. Spatial distribution of airborne pathogens is one of the most important factors in infection risk assessment of respiratory disease. Respiratory deposition of aerosol induces heterogeneous infectivity of intake pathogens and randomness on the intake dose, which are not being well accounted for in current risk models. Some suggestions for further development of the risk assessment models are proposed.This review article summarizes the strengths and limitations of the Wells-Riley and the dose-response models for risk assessment of respiratory diseases. Even with many efforts by various investigators to develop and modify the risk assessment models, some limitations still persist. This review serves as a reference for further development of infection risk assessment models of respiratory diseases. The Wells-Riley model and dose-response model offer specific advantages. Risk assessors can select the approach that is suitable to their particular conditions to perform risk assessment.
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hybrid |
citations | 280 | |
popularity | Top 0.1% | |
influence | Top 1% | |
impulse | Top 10% |
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doi: 10.1145/3626956
Partial order multiway search (POMS) is a fundamental problem that finds applications in crowdsourcing, distributed file systems, software testing, and more. This problem involves an interaction between an algorithm 𝒜 and an oracle, conducted on a directed acyclic graph 𝒢 known to both parties. Initially, the oracle selects a vertex t in 𝒢 called the target . Subsequently, 𝒜 must identify the target vertex by probing reachability. In each probe , 𝒜 selects a set Q of vertices in 𝒢, the number of which is limited by a pre-agreed value k . The oracle then reveals, for each vertex q ∈ Q , whether q can reach the target in 𝒢. The objective of 𝒜 is to minimize the number of probes. We propose an algorithm to solve POMS in \(O(\log _{1+k} n + \frac{d}{k} \log _{1+d} n)\) probes, where n represents the number of vertices in 𝒢, and d denotes the largest out-degree of the vertices in 𝒢. The probing complexity is asymptotically optimal. Our study also explores two new POMS variants: The first one, named taciturn POMS , is similar to classical POMS but assumes a weaker oracle, and the second one, named EM POMS , is a direct extension of classical POMS to the external memory (EM) model. For both variants, we introduce algorithms whose performance matches or nearly matches the corresponding theoretical lower bounds.
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influence | Average | |
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The global infection rate of fungal diseases is increasing year by year, and it has gradually become one of the most serious infectious diseases threatening human health. However, the side effects of antifungal drugs and the fungal resistance to these drugs are gradually increasing. Therefore, the development of new broad-spectrum, safe, and economical alternatives to antibacterial drugs are essential. Probiotics are microorganisms that are beneficial for human health. They boost human immunity, resist pathogen colonization, and reduce pathogen infection. Many investigations have shown their inhibitory activity on a wide range of pathogenic fungi. However, their antibacterial mechanism is still a secret. This article reviews the progress of probiotics as a new method for the treatment of fungal diseases.
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gold |
citations | 12 | |
popularity | Top 10% | |
influence | Average | |
impulse | Top 10% |
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