Application of antiretrovirals (ARVs) in patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection has proven to reduce mortality rates and prolong life expectancy. On the other hand, the use of antiretroviral drugs has incited the emergence of HIVDR. The resistance is due to mutation at genes associated with drug resistance. Nowadays, the determination of resistance markers mutations are based on HIV-1 subtype B. However, the majority of HIV in Indonesia, particularly in Bali are of subtype CRF01_AE. Genetic variation between HIV viruses has led to variations in subtypes; therefore, resistance markers of subtype B could be polymorphisms of non-B subtypes. This study aims to determine the number and types of the resistance markers mutations and polymorphisms that occur on the PR gene of HIV-1 subtype CRF01_AE of naïve and treatment failure patients in Bali. This is an observational cross-sectional analytical study, conducted at two VCT clinics in Denpasar, during the period of April 2010 until October 2011. Samples consist of 18 HIV patients with treatment failure and 30 naïve HIV patients. Mutations were evaluated using PCR, sequenced and aligned were carried out using MEGA4. Interpretations of the mutations were made based on the Stanford HIV database. Hypothesis tests used were Mann-Whitney because of abnormal distribution of data. Hypothesis was accepted if the significant level p<0.05. This study found that of the demographic data, only the predisposing factors of the two groups were significantly different (p<0.05). Two patients with treatment failure and 5 naïve patients were found to have L10LV/I mutations. Only one patient with treatment failure had the I54FI mutation. No major mutations were found among the two study groups. The number and types of minor mutations were not significantly different (p>0.05) between the naïve group and treatment failure group. M36I and H69K polymorphisms of the PR gene were found in all the study samples. In conclusion of this study, two types of major mutations were found, L10LV/I and I54FI. The number and types of the resistance markers mutations towards the protease inhibitor (PI) group were not significantly different between the two study groups. M36I, H69K mutations of the PR gene are markers of polymorphisms of HIV-1 subtype CRF01_AE.
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citations | 0 | |
popularity | Average | |
influence | Average | |
impulse | Average |
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The use of computer-based instructional media at Vocational High School (SMKN) 3 Pariaman is still limited to a media presentation using power point. Along with the advancement of information and communication technology (ICT), a lot of software that can be used to create interactive learning media. The results of the preliminary survey of the implementation of learning system computer at SMKN 3 Pariaman shows that there are no teachers who use interactive learning media with Adobe Director software. ICT facilities and infrastructure such as computers, LCD projectors, and internet at SMKN 3 Pariaman existing one, but have not used optimally. Learning media is one important factor in improving student learning outcomes. The selection of learning media in accordance with the needs and characteristics of students can help students understand the subject matter. This research aims to produce an interactive learning media that valid, practical, and effective to help students to master the subject of System Computer.The research method used was R&D (research and development) by using 4D development model (define, design, develop and disseminate). The results showed that interactive learning media is valid based on the assessment of each aspect by the validator. interactive learning media is considered practical based on observation and responses teacher and student. This shows that, Interactive Learning Media otherwise effective use as a medium of learning in improving student learning outcomes.
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citations | 0 | |
popularity | Average | |
influence | Average | |
impulse | Average |
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Holand kingdom government delegation is Vereenigde oost indische compagnie (VOC) has been sent to Nusantara Islands at XVI century, has goal: The first as trade mission and get result of plantation, the comodity with hight price in europe at the time. The other goal of their mission are to colonialize new territory as market of result industry and as resource to develope holand kingdom, beside it there is hidden mission to spread kristen relegion. To realize of their goal have been arrangged strategy , strategy is used to break people againt. Like stratgy with aply syariah (Islamic Law) in all aspec of life, this policy has based on receptio in complexu theory . this strategy has suxesful l and has been acept by ellite local Muslim. and than becouse of anxious at Pan Islamisme Movement in Turky will Influence Nusantara Muslim. Holand Kigdom Government change their political law with limitation in many aspec. For example limitation Absholue competension in Relegious court. The policy is based receptie theory of Snauckh Hugronje. So is clear that all of political law of holand colonial or Hindia Belanda at Relegious court to colling down muslim againts with soft politik or other way.
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impulse | Average |
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Central Java is one of the provinces in Java Island with the lowest economic growth rate and has the third rank for the number of female labor with married status from six provinces in Java Island in 2017. Therefore this study aims to analyse the factors which affect the economic participation of female labor with married status in Central Java using Sakernas data of August 2017. The result of analysis by binary logistic regression method shows that the variable of residence (rural), age, and education have a significant positive effect on the economic participation of female labor with married status (as labor force) while the number of toddlers and the existence of toddlers have a significant negative effect on the economic participation of female labor with married status (as labor force). Therefore, efforts are needed from all parties, especially the government as policy maker with availability of daycare center, equal employment opportunities without being limited by age, and giving motivation to women for getting higher education to increase economic growth rate in Central Java by utilizing the availability of labor especially women with married status. Keywords: economic growth, female labor, logistic regression, labor force
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citations | 0 | |
popularity | Average | |
influence | Average | |
impulse | Average |
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PT Surya Artha Chanya is a 3kg LPG refilling service company. In charging process there are some errors and the error certainly raises the risk of loss for the company. To minimize the risk in operations, risk management is attempted. This research is a descriptive study; data collection technique used was interview with internal parties company that could be trusted. Research used Analytical Hierarchy Process method to process the data questionnaire with Expert Choice 11 software which serves to compare and find the most important indicator of the operations. To determine the amount of loss that exceeds the threshold calculation, the Generalized Pareto Distribution method was used. These methods were expected to issue the company's risk of loss can be resolved.
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citations | 0 | |
popularity | Average | |
influence | Average | |
impulse | Average |
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Sistem Pengendalian Intern Pemerintah diperlukan untuk memberikan keyakinan yang memadai bagi terciptanya efektivitas dan efisiensi pencapaian tujuan penyelenggaraan pemerintahan negara termasuk didalamnya keandalan laporan keuangan, pengamanan aset negara, dan ketaatan terhadap peraturan Perundang-undangan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengevaluasi penerapan pengendalian intern siklus penerimaan kas pada Dinas Pendapatan, Pengelolaan Keuangan dan Aset daerah (DPPKAD) Kab. Kepulauan Sangihe. Sistem pengendalian intern adalah proses yang integral pada tindakan dan kegiatan yang dilakukan secara terus menerus oleh pimpinan dan seluruh pegawai untuk memberikan keyakinan memadai atas tercapainya tujuan organisasi melalui kegiatan yang efektif dan efisien, kendala pelaporan keuangan, pengamanan aset negara, dan ketaatan terhadap peraturan Perundang-undangan. Metode analisis data yang digunakan adalah analisis deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan, untuk mewujudkan pengelolaan keuangan negara yang akuntabel dan transparan, DPPKAD melaksanakan sistem pengendalian intern untuk mengontrol jalannya siklus penerimaan dan kegiatan lainnya. Penerapan Sistem Pengendalian Intren Pemerintah pada DPPKAD Kab. Kepulauan Sangihe telah sesuai dengan peraturan. Diharapkan agar kegiatan pengendalian tetap berjalan dengan baik, Kepala Dinas sebaiknya meningkatkan setiap komponen kegiatan pengendalian seperti yang terdapat pada PP No. 60 Tahun 2008 tentang Sistem Pengendalian Intern Pemerintah. Kata kunci: pengendalian intern, siklus penerimaan kas.
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citations | 0 | |
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influence | Average | |
impulse | Average |
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Telah dilakukan isolasi dan identifikasi senyawa aktif ekstrak aseton rimpang bangle (Zingiber cassumunar Roxb.) sebagai antioksidan. Isolasi senyawa aktif dilakukan dengan ekstraksi soklet dan kromatografi sedangkan uji aktivitas antioksidan dilakukan dengan metode DPPH. Isolat aktif dianalisis menggunakan spektrofotometer UV-Vis dan pereaksi geser serta FTIR. Berdasarkan hasil analisis tersebut diduga bahwa isolat aktif adalah senyawa flavonoid golongan auron yang memiliki serapan pada panjang gelombang 260,5 nm (pita II) dan 421,5 nm (pita I), memiliki pola hidroksilasi pada 6,7,3',4', dan mengandung gugus fungsi OH, CO fenol, CO eter, C=O keton, C=C alkena, C=C dan =CH aromatik, serta benzena tersubstitusi sehingga diduga sebagai senyawa 6,7,3',4'tetrahidroksiauron (Maritimetin). Uji aktivitas antioksidan terhadap ekstrak aseton menunjukkan harga IC50 sebesar 91,513 ppm sehingga tergolong sebagai antioksidan kuat.
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citations | 0 | |
popularity | Average | |
influence | Average | |
impulse | Average |
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Each company is required to compete and capable of conducting business activities optimally in order to try harder to develop and maintain business .To reach the goal the company must be capable of choosing and managing human resources properly and professionals .In the management of human resources the important thing is to the application of the policy of compensation in a proper and right through salaries and wages .This research aims to understand whether effective internal control elements which is in a system of accounting payroll and remuneration on PT. Karyamitra Budisentosa Pandaan-Pasuruan. An analysis of a case study descriptive used in this research . From the research can be known that there the separation of payroll functions salary list with the functioning of accounting, the function of timekeeper EDP (Electric Data Processing) with the functioning of the operation and the existence of an audit surprised periodically that shows that the application of payroll and wage system made effective enough to support the internal control.Suggestions can be delivered for the company on the payroll and wage system is among others , affirmation to job description employees especially in the HRD & GA , and additional forms / documents to the payroll and wage system manually, Money Salary Calculation Control Card ( KKPG ) .
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citations | 0 | |
popularity | Average | |
influence | Average | |
impulse | Average |
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The objective of this study was to apply urea treatment of rice straw at elevated temperature and pressure (121oC; 1.4 atm) and at short treatment period (30 or 60 min) in comparison to conventional urea treatment (4 weeks incubation). Rice straw was subjected to the following treatments: RS1: untreated rice straw (control), RS2: RS1+1% urea (no incubation), RS3:RS1+1% urea (4 weeks incubation), RS4: RS2+autoclave 30 min, RS5: RS3+autoclave 30 min, RS6: RS2+autoclave 60 min, RS7: RS3+autoclave 60 min. The samples were analyzed for fiber contents and incubated in vitro. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance and Duncan's post-hoc test. Results showed that urea treatments (RS3-RS7) did not change NDF and ADF contents of rice straw in comparison to control. Urea treatment in autoclave for 30 min (RS4) increased rice straw IVDMD and IVOMD by 23.3% and 25.6% as compared to control, respectively (P<0.05). Extension of the incubation period to 60 min (RS6) did not improve further the IVDMD and IVOMD. Treatments did not change pH values and NH3 concentrations. Urea treatment (RS3-RS7) increased total VFA concentration in comparison to control (P<0.05). It was concluded that urea treatment using autoclave for 30 min may replace conventional urea treatment to improve nutritional value of rice straw.
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citations | 0 | |
popularity | Average | |
influence | Average | |
impulse | Average |
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Cassava into industrial waste which is generated in the form of wet tapioca . Utilization of cassava asanimal feed , usually first dried . The drying process can be done on the cement floor and on theground . The differences in the drying potential to provide different quality of nutrients .This study aimed to compare the nutritional composition and physical properties of the drying cassavaon the ground and the cement floor , and to know the method of drying on the ground or on a cementfloor the better the nutritional composition and physical properties of the onggok.Pelaksanaanresearch conducted at the Laboratory of Nutrition and Animal Feed Animal Husbandry Department ofthe Faculty of Agriculture, University of Lampung . This study uses data obtained will be analyzedusing Student's t-test at the 5% significance level.The results showed that : ( 1 ) there is a significant difference ( P > 0.05 ) in ash content, BETN levels; ( 2 ) there is no significant difference ( P < 0.05 ) in moisture content, protein content, fat content,and crude fiber.
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citations | 0 | |
popularity | Average | |
influence | Average | |
impulse | Average |
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Application of antiretrovirals (ARVs) in patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection has proven to reduce mortality rates and prolong life expectancy. On the other hand, the use of antiretroviral drugs has incited the emergence of HIVDR. The resistance is due to mutation at genes associated with drug resistance. Nowadays, the determination of resistance markers mutations are based on HIV-1 subtype B. However, the majority of HIV in Indonesia, particularly in Bali are of subtype CRF01_AE. Genetic variation between HIV viruses has led to variations in subtypes; therefore, resistance markers of subtype B could be polymorphisms of non-B subtypes. This study aims to determine the number and types of the resistance markers mutations and polymorphisms that occur on the PR gene of HIV-1 subtype CRF01_AE of naïve and treatment failure patients in Bali. This is an observational cross-sectional analytical study, conducted at two VCT clinics in Denpasar, during the period of April 2010 until October 2011. Samples consist of 18 HIV patients with treatment failure and 30 naïve HIV patients. Mutations were evaluated using PCR, sequenced and aligned were carried out using MEGA4. Interpretations of the mutations were made based on the Stanford HIV database. Hypothesis tests used were Mann-Whitney because of abnormal distribution of data. Hypothesis was accepted if the significant level p<0.05. This study found that of the demographic data, only the predisposing factors of the two groups were significantly different (p<0.05). Two patients with treatment failure and 5 naïve patients were found to have L10LV/I mutations. Only one patient with treatment failure had the I54FI mutation. No major mutations were found among the two study groups. The number and types of minor mutations were not significantly different (p>0.05) between the naïve group and treatment failure group. M36I and H69K polymorphisms of the PR gene were found in all the study samples. In conclusion of this study, two types of major mutations were found, L10LV/I and I54FI. The number and types of the resistance markers mutations towards the protease inhibitor (PI) group were not significantly different between the two study groups. M36I, H69K mutations of the PR gene are markers of polymorphisms of HIV-1 subtype CRF01_AE.
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citations | 0 | |
popularity | Average | |
influence | Average | |
impulse | Average |
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The use of computer-based instructional media at Vocational High School (SMKN) 3 Pariaman is still limited to a media presentation using power point. Along with the advancement of information and communication technology (ICT), a lot of software that can be used to create interactive learning media. The results of the preliminary survey of the implementation of learning system computer at SMKN 3 Pariaman shows that there are no teachers who use interactive learning media with Adobe Director software. ICT facilities and infrastructure such as computers, LCD projectors, and internet at SMKN 3 Pariaman existing one, but have not used optimally. Learning media is one important factor in improving student learning outcomes. The selection of learning media in accordance with the needs and characteristics of students can help students understand the subject matter. This research aims to produce an interactive learning media that valid, practical, and effective to help students to master the subject of System Computer.The research method used was R&D (research and development) by using 4D development model (define, design, develop and disseminate). The results showed that interactive learning media is valid based on the assessment of each aspect by the validator. interactive learning media is considered practical based on observation and responses teacher and student. This shows that, Interactive Learning Media otherwise effective use as a medium of learning in improving student learning outcomes.
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citations | 0 | |
popularity | Average | |
influence | Average | |
impulse | Average |
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Holand kingdom government delegation is Vereenigde oost indische compagnie (VOC) has been sent to Nusantara Islands at XVI century, has goal: The first as trade mission and get result of plantation, the comodity with hight price in europe at the time. The other goal of their mission are to colonialize new territory as market of result industry and as resource to develope holand kingdom, beside it there is hidden mission to spread kristen relegion. To realize of their goal have been arrangged strategy , strategy is used to break people againt. Like stratgy with aply syariah (Islamic Law) in all aspec of life, this policy has based on receptio in complexu theory . this strategy has suxesful l and has been acept by ellite local Muslim. and than becouse of anxious at Pan Islamisme Movement in Turky will Influence Nusantara Muslim. Holand Kigdom Government change their political law with limitation in many aspec. For example limitation Absholue competension in Relegious court. The policy is based receptie theory of Snauckh Hugronje. So is clear that all of political law of holand colonial or Hindia Belanda at Relegious court to colling down muslim againts with soft politik or other way.
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citations | 0 | |
popularity | Average | |
influence | Average | |
impulse | Average |
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Central Java is one of the provinces in Java Island with the lowest economic growth rate and has the third rank for the number of female labor with married status from six provinces in Java Island in 2017. Therefore this study aims to analyse the factors which affect the economic participation of female labor with married status in Central Java using Sakernas data of August 2017. The result of analysis by binary logistic regression method shows that the variable of residence (rural), age, and education have a significant positive effect on the economic participation of female labor with married status (as labor force) while the number of toddlers and the existence of toddlers have a significant negative effect on the economic participation of female labor with married status (as labor force). Therefore, efforts are needed from all parties, especially the government as policy maker with availability of daycare center, equal employment opportunities without being limited by age, and giving motivation to women for getting higher education to increase economic growth rate in Central Java by utilizing the availability of labor especially women with married status. Keywords: economic growth, female labor, logistic regression, labor force
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citations | 0 | |
popularity | Average | |
influence | Average | |
impulse | Average |
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PT Surya Artha Chanya is a 3kg LPG refilling service company. In charging process there are some errors and the error certainly raises the risk of loss for the company. To minimize the risk in operations, risk management is attempted. This research is a descriptive study; data collection technique used was interview with internal parties company that could be trusted. Research used Analytical Hierarchy Process method to process the data questionnaire with Expert Choice 11 software which serves to compare and find the most important indicator of the operations. To determine the amount of loss that exceeds the threshold calculation, the Generalized Pareto Distribution method was used. These methods were expected to issue the company's risk of loss can be resolved.
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popularity | Average | |
influence | Average | |
impulse | Average |
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Sistem Pengendalian Intern Pemerintah diperlukan untuk memberikan keyakinan yang memadai bagi terciptanya efektivitas dan efisiensi pencapaian tujuan penyelenggaraan pemerintahan negara termasuk didalamnya keandalan laporan keuangan, pengamanan aset negara, dan ketaatan terhadap peraturan Perundang-undangan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengevaluasi penerapan pengendalian intern siklus penerimaan kas pada Dinas Pendapatan, Pengelolaan Keuangan dan Aset daerah (DPPKAD) Kab. Kepulauan Sangihe. Sistem pengendalian intern adalah proses yang integral pada tindakan dan kegiatan yang dilakukan secara terus menerus oleh pimpinan dan seluruh pegawai untuk memberikan keyakinan memadai atas tercapainya tujuan organisasi melalui kegiatan yang efektif dan efisien, kendala pelaporan keuangan, pengamanan aset negara, dan ketaatan terhadap peraturan Perundang-undangan. Metode analisis data yang digunakan adalah analisis deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan, untuk mewujudkan pengelolaan keuangan negara yang akuntabel dan transparan, DPPKAD melaksanakan sistem pengendalian intern untuk mengontrol jalannya siklus penerimaan dan kegiatan lainnya. Penerapan Sistem Pengendalian Intren Pemerintah pada DPPKAD Kab. Kepulauan Sangihe telah sesuai dengan peraturan. Diharapkan agar kegiatan pengendalian tetap berjalan dengan baik, Kepala Dinas sebaiknya meningkatkan setiap komponen kegiatan pengendalian seperti yang terdapat pada PP No. 60 Tahun 2008 tentang Sistem Pengendalian Intern Pemerintah. Kata kunci: pengendalian intern, siklus penerimaan kas.
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citations | 0 | |
popularity | Average | |
influence | Average | |
impulse | Average |
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Telah dilakukan isolasi dan identifikasi senyawa aktif ekstrak aseton rimpang bangle (Zingiber cassumunar Roxb.) sebagai antioksidan. Isolasi senyawa aktif dilakukan dengan ekstraksi soklet dan kromatografi sedangkan uji aktivitas antioksidan dilakukan dengan metode DPPH. Isolat aktif dianalisis menggunakan spektrofotometer UV-Vis dan pereaksi geser serta FTIR. Berdasarkan hasil analisis tersebut diduga bahwa isolat aktif adalah senyawa flavonoid golongan auron yang memiliki serapan pada panjang gelombang 260,5 nm (pita II) dan 421,5 nm (pita I), memiliki pola hidroksilasi pada 6,7,3',4', dan mengandung gugus fungsi OH, CO fenol, CO eter, C=O keton, C=C alkena, C=C dan =CH aromatik, serta benzena tersubstitusi sehingga diduga sebagai senyawa 6,7,3',4'tetrahidroksiauron (Maritimetin). Uji aktivitas antioksidan terhadap ekstrak aseton menunjukkan harga IC50 sebesar 91,513 ppm sehingga tergolong sebagai antioksidan kuat.
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citations | 0 | |
popularity | Average | |
influence | Average | |
impulse | Average |
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Each company is required to compete and capable of conducting business activities optimally in order to try harder to develop and maintain business .To reach the goal the company must be capable of choosing and managing human resources properly and professionals .In the management of human resources the important thing is to the application of the policy of compensation in a proper and right through salaries and wages .This research aims to understand whether effective internal control elements which is in a system of accounting payroll and remuneration on PT. Karyamitra Budisentosa Pandaan-Pasuruan. An analysis of a case study descriptive used in this research . From the research can be known that there the separation of payroll functions salary list with the functioning of accounting, the function of timekeeper EDP (Electric Data Processing) with the functioning of the operation and the existence of an audit surprised periodically that shows that the application of payroll and wage system made effective enough to support the internal control.Suggestions can be delivered for the company on the payroll and wage system is among others , affirmation to job description employees especially in the HRD & GA , and additional forms / documents to the payroll and wage system manually, Money Salary Calculation Control Card ( KKPG ) .
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citations | 0 | |
popularity | Average | |
influence | Average | |
impulse | Average |