Additional file 1: Table S1. Arabidopsis thaliana proteins reported to localize at PD. Table S2. Plant species compatible with PIP1. List of plant species listed in both PANTHER16 and Ensembl Plant databases at the time of publication. Table S3. PANTHER16 subfamilies represented in experimental proteomes. Table S4. in silico PD proteome for poplar generated with PIP. Table S5. in silico PD proteome for A. thaliana generated with PIP1. Table S6. Genes identified in clusters 87 and 100 of the callose interactome shown in Fig. 3d. Table S7. Description of the microarrays used in this study. Table S8. in silico PD proteome for Medicago truncatula using PIP1.
<script type="text/javascript">
<!--
document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>');
document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.6084/m9.figshare.19976981.v1&type=result"></script>');
-->
</script>
citations | 0 | |
popularity | Average | |
influence | Average | |
impulse | Average |
<script type="text/javascript">
<!--
document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>');
document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.6084/m9.figshare.19976981.v1&type=result"></script>');
-->
</script>
CERN-PS. Measurement of the double differential PI+- cross sections at large angles in PI+ and PI- interactions with BE, C, AL, SN, TA and PB targets at incident momenta from 3 to 12.9 GeV/c. The data were taken with the HARP detector in the T9 beam line of the CERN PS with 5 pct nuclear tagets covering scattered pion momenta from 100 to 800 MeV/c and angle 0.35 to 2.15 radians. This part (1) contains the data taken with the BE target nucleus. The errors are given as the square-root of the diagonal elements of the covariance matrix. CERN-PS. Measurement of the double differential PI+- cross sections at large angles in PI+ and PI- interactions with BE, C, AL, SN, TA and PB targets at incident momenta from 3 to 12.9 GeV/c. The data were taken with the HARP detector in the T9 beam line of the CERN PS with 5 pct nuclear tagets covering scattered pion momenta from 100 to 800 MeV/c and angle 0.35 to 2.15 radians. This part (2) contains the data taken with the C target nucleus. The errors are given as the square-root of the diagonal elements of the covariance matrix. CERN-PS. Measurement of the double differential PI+- cross sections at large angles in PI+ and PI- interactions with BE, C, AL, SN, TA and PB targets at incident momenta from 3 to 12.9 GeV/c. The data were taken with the HARP detector in the T9 beam line of the CERN PS with 5 pct nuclear tagets covering scattered pion momenta from 100 to 800 MeV/c and angle 0.35 to 2.15 radians. This part (3) contains the data taken with the AL target nucleus. The errors are given as the square-root of the diagonal elements of the covariance matrix. CERN-PS. Measurement of the double differential PI+- cross sections at large angles in PI+ and PI- interactions with BE, C, AL, SN, TA and PB targets at incident momenta from 3 to 12.9 GeV/c. The data were taken with the HARP detector in the T9 beam line of the CERN PS with 5 pct nuclear tagets covering scattered pion momenta from 100 to 800 MeV/c and angle 0.35 to 2.15 radians. This part (4) contains the data taken with the CU target nucleus. The errors are given as the square-root of the diagonal elements of the covariance matrix. CERN-PS. Measurement of the double differential PI+- cross sections at large angles in PI+ and PI- interactions with BE, C, AL, SN, TA and PB targets at incident momenta from 3 to 12.9 GeV/c. The data were taken with the HARP detector in the T9 beam line of the CERN PS with 5 pct nuclear tagets covering scattered pion momenta from 100 to 800 MeV/c and angle 0.35 to 2.15 radians. This part (5) contains the data taken with the SN target nucleus. The errors are given as the square-root of the diagonal elements of the covariance matrix. CERN-PS. Measurement of the double differential PI+- cross sections at large angles in PI+ and PI- interactions with BE, C, AL, SN, TA and PB targets at incident momenta from 3 to 12.9 GeV/c. The data were taken with the HARP detector in the T9 beam line of the CERN PS with 5 pct nuclear tagets covering scattered pion momenta from 100 to 800 MeV/c and angle 0.35 to 2.15 radians. This part (6) contains the data taken with the TA target nucleus. The errors are given as the square-root of the diagonal elements of the covariance matrix. CERN-PS. Measurement of the double differential PI+- cross sections at large angles in PI+ and PI- interactions with BE, C, AL, SN, TA and PB targets at incident momenta from 3 to 12.9 GeV/c. The data were taken with the HARP detector in the T9 beam line of the CERN PS with 5 pct nuclear tagets covering scattered pion momenta from 100 to 800 MeV/c and angle 0.35 to 2.15 radians. This part (7) contains the data taken with the PB target nucleus. The errors are given as the square-root of the diagonal elements of the covariance matrix. No description provided.
<script type="text/javascript">
<!--
document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>');
document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.17182/hepdata.50467.v1/t96&type=result"></script>');
-->
</script>
citations | 0 | |
popularity | Average | |
influence | Average | |
impulse | Average |
<script type="text/javascript">
<!--
document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>');
document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.17182/hepdata.50467.v1/t96&type=result"></script>');
-->
</script>
doi: 10.5061/dryad.ft3ps
The bony labyrinth of vertebrates houses the semicircular canals. These sense rotational accelerations of the head and play an essential role in gaze stabilisation during locomotion. The sizes and shapes of the semicircular canals have hypothesised relationships to agility and locomotory modes in many groups, including birds, and a burgeoning palaeontological literature seeks to make ecological interpretations from the morphology of the labyrinth in extinct species. Rigorous tests of formāfunction relationships for the vestibular system are required to support these interpretations. We test the hypothesis that the lengths, streamlines and angles between the semicircular canals are related to body size, wing kinematics and flying style in birds. To do this, we applied geometric morphometrics and multivariate phylogenetic comparative methods to a dataset of 64 three-dimensional reconstructions of the endosseous labyrinth obtained using micro-computed tomography scanning of bird crania. A strong relationship between centroid size of the semicircular canals and body size indicates that larger birds have longer semicircular canals compared with their evolutionary relatives. Wing kinematics related to manoeuvrability (and quantified using the brachial index) explain a small additional portion of the variance in labyrinth size. We also find strong evidence for allometric shape change in the semicircular canals of birds, indicating that major aspects of the shape of the avian labyrinth are determined by spatial constraints. The avian braincase accommodates a large brain, a large eye and large semicircular canals compared with other tetrapods. Negative allometry of these structures means that the restriction of space within the braincase is intense in small birds. This may explain our observation that the angles between planes of the semicircular canals of birds deviate more strongly from orthogonality than those of mammals, and especially from agile, gliding and flying mammals. Furthermore, we find little support for relationships between labyrinth shape and flying style or wing kinematics. Overall, our results suggest that the topological problem of fitting long semicircular canals into a spatially constrained braincase is more important in determining the shape of the avian labyrinth than the specifics of locomotory style or agility. Our results tentatively indicate a link between visual acuity and proportional size of the labyrinth among birds. This suggests that the large labyrinths of birds compared with other tetrapods may result from their generally high visual acuities, and not directly from their ability to fly. The endosseous labyrinths of extinct birds and their close dinosaurian relatives may allow broad inferences about flight or vision, but so far provide few specific insights into detailed aspects of locomotion. PC moviesZIPped folder containing .mov files showing the shape deformations along principal component axes (PC1-PC8) for our analyses at x1 magnification and x2 magnification of the observed magnitudes of shape change.3D labyrinth modelsZIPped folder containing 3D virtual models in .ply format of the endosseous labyrinth and semicircular canals. These models, and the parent microCT data are also housed at Morphosource (http://morphosource.org/Detail/ProjectDetail/Show/project_id/377)Landmarks and semilandmarksLandmark and semi landmark data used in our analyses. Abbreviations: ASC, anterior semicircular canal; PSC, posterior semicircular canal; LSC, lateral semicircular canal.Landmarks.txtQuantitative data tableFlight mode classification, body mass, brachial index (BI), inter-canal plane angles (in radians), and PC scores (for PC1-PC65) used in our analyses.BirdTaxonData.csvPhylogenetic treesSet of 100 phylogenetic trees from Jetz et al (2008; Ericson backbone) used in our analyses)Trees.treSupplementary text figures tablesFig. S1. Summary of 2B-PLS results comparing multivariate flight style to PC shape axes for endosseous labyrinth morphology including outliers and including all shape axes. Fig. S2. Summary of 2B-PLS results comparing multivariate flight style to PC shape axes for endosseous labyrinth morphology including outliers and including all shape axes except PC1. Fig. S3. Summary of 2B-PLS results comparing multivariate flight style to PC shape axes for endosseous labyrinth morphology including outliers and including all shape axes, excluding four outlier taxa. Table S1. Results of regressions of labyrinth inter-canal angles on body mass and BI. Table S2. Results of regressions of positivised deviations of labyrinth inter-canal angles from 90 Ā° on body mass and BI. Table S3. Results of regressions of summed positivised devia- tions of labyrinth inter-canal angles from 90 Ā° on body mass and BI. Table S4. Regression model comparison results for principal component PC4. Table S5. Regression model comparison results for principal component PC5. Table S6. Regression model comparison results for principal component PC6. Table S7. Regression model comparison results for principal component PC7. Table S8. Regression model comparison results for principal component PC8. Appendix S1. Discussion of flight categories.
<script type="text/javascript">
<!--
document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>');
document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.5061/dryad.ft3ps&type=result"></script>');
-->
</script>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!--
document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>');
document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.5061/dryad.ft3ps&type=result"></script>');
-->
</script>
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.13147817 , 10.26138/sxs:bbh:1920v2.0 , 10.26138/sxs:bbh:1920v1.3 , 10.26138/sxs:bbh:1920v1.2 , 10.26138/sxs:bbh:1920v1.4 , 10.5281/zenodo.13147818 , 10.5281/zenodo.2603285 , 10.26138/sxs:bbh:1920v1.1 , 10.26138/sxs:bbh:1920 , 10.5281/zenodo.3307132 , 10.5281/zenodo.2640566 , 10.5281/zenodo.2603286 , 10.5281/zenodo.3273261
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.13147817 , 10.26138/sxs:bbh:1920v2.0 , 10.26138/sxs:bbh:1920v1.3 , 10.26138/sxs:bbh:1920v1.2 , 10.26138/sxs:bbh:1920v1.4 , 10.5281/zenodo.13147818 , 10.5281/zenodo.2603285 , 10.26138/sxs:bbh:1920v1.1 , 10.26138/sxs:bbh:1920 , 10.5281/zenodo.3307132 , 10.5281/zenodo.2640566 , 10.5281/zenodo.2603286 , 10.5281/zenodo.3273261
Simulation of a black-hole binary system evolved by the SpEC code.
<script type="text/javascript">
<!--
document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>');
document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.5281/zenodo.13147817&type=result"></script>');
-->
</script>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!--
document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>');
document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.5281/zenodo.13147817&type=result"></script>');
-->
</script>
Raw research data supporting the publication: Wang, Y. et al., 2018, ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, "Duplex-Specific Nuclease-Amplified Detection of MicroRNA Using 2 Compact Quantum DotāDNA Conjugates", DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b07250.
<script type="text/javascript">
<!--
document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>');
document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.5281/zenodo.1341086&type=result"></script>');
-->
</script>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!--
document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>');
document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.5281/zenodo.1341086&type=result"></script>');
-->
</script>
An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the worldās repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures. Related Article: Mariana Luna Barros, Michael G. Cushion, Andrew D. Schwarz, ZoĆ« R. Turner, Philip Mountford|2019|Dalton Trans.|48|4124|doi:10.1039/C8DT04985H
<script type="text/javascript">
<!--
document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>');
document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.5517/ccdc.csd.cc219fqj&type=result"></script>');
-->
</script>
citations | 0 | |
popularity | Average | |
influence | Average | |
impulse | Average |
<script type="text/javascript">
<!--
document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>');
document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.5517/ccdc.csd.cc219fqj&type=result"></script>');
-->
</script>
Fermilab-Tevatron. Measurement of the differential cross sections for the production of an isolated photon with an associated jet in PBAR P collisions at centre of mass energy 1.96 TeV. Photons are reconstructed in the central absolute rapidity region & lt; 1.0 and having PT in the range 30 to 400 GeV while the jets are reconstructed in either the central rapidity region & lt; 0.8 or in the forward absolute rapidity region 1.5 to 2.5 with jet energies & gt; 15 GeV. Differential cross sections and their ratios are tabulated for different regions differing by the relative orientations of the photon and the jet in rapidity. The data has an integrated luminosity of 1.0 fb-1. Differential cross section for the region ABS(YRAP(JET)) < 0.8 and YRAP(GAMMA)*YRAP(JET) > 0.
<script type="text/javascript">
<!--
document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>');
document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.17182/hepdata.50549.v1/t1&type=result"></script>');
-->
</script>
citations | 0 | |
popularity | Average | |
influence | Average | |
impulse | Average |
<script type="text/javascript">
<!--
document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>');
document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.17182/hepdata.50549.v1/t1&type=result"></script>');
-->
</script>
An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the worldās repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures. Related Article: Oliver D. Johnson, Stephen G. Wainwright, Adrian C. Whitwood, Duncan W. Bruce|2023|CrystEngComm|25|2778|doi:10.1039/D3CE00266G
<script type="text/javascript">
<!--
document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>');
document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.5517/ccdc.csd.cc2fcg4f&type=result"></script>');
-->
</script>
citations | 0 | |
popularity | Average | |
influence | Average | |
impulse | Average |
<script type="text/javascript">
<!--
document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>');
document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.5517/ccdc.csd.cc2fcg4f&type=result"></script>');
-->
</script>
An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the worldās repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures. Related Article: Bo Yang, Zhong-Zheng Gao, Ji-Hong Lu, Qian-Jiang Zhu, Sai-Feng Xue, Zhu Tao, Timothy J. Prior, Carl Redshaw, Gang Wei, Xin Xiao|2016|CrystEngComm|18|5028|doi:10.1039/C6CE00134C
<script type="text/javascript">
<!--
document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>');
document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.5517/ccdc.csd.cc13v95f&type=result"></script>');
-->
</script>
citations | 0 | |
popularity | Average | |
influence | Average | |
impulse | Average |
<script type="text/javascript">
<!--
document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>');
document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.5517/ccdc.csd.cc13v95f&type=result"></script>');
-->
</script>
Related Article: Tanya K. Ronson, Yujia Wang, Kim Baldridge, Jay S. Siegel, Jonathan R. Nitschke|2020|J.Am.Chem.Soc.|142|10267|doi:10.1021/jacs.0c03349
<script type="text/javascript">
<!--
document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>');
document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.5517/ccdc.csd.cc2279bz&type=result"></script>');
-->
</script>
citations | 0 | |
popularity | Average | |
influence | Average | |
impulse | Average |
<script type="text/javascript">
<!--
document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>');
document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.5517/ccdc.csd.cc2279bz&type=result"></script>');
-->
</script>
Additional file 1: Table S1. Arabidopsis thaliana proteins reported to localize at PD. Table S2. Plant species compatible with PIP1. List of plant species listed in both PANTHER16 and Ensembl Plant databases at the time of publication. Table S3. PANTHER16 subfamilies represented in experimental proteomes. Table S4. in silico PD proteome for poplar generated with PIP. Table S5. in silico PD proteome for A. thaliana generated with PIP1. Table S6. Genes identified in clusters 87 and 100 of the callose interactome shown in Fig. 3d. Table S7. Description of the microarrays used in this study. Table S8. in silico PD proteome for Medicago truncatula using PIP1.
<script type="text/javascript">
<!--
document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>');
document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.6084/m9.figshare.19976981.v1&type=result"></script>');
-->
</script>
citations | 0 | |
popularity | Average | |
influence | Average | |
impulse | Average |
<script type="text/javascript">
<!--
document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>');
document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.6084/m9.figshare.19976981.v1&type=result"></script>');
-->
</script>
CERN-PS. Measurement of the double differential PI+- cross sections at large angles in PI+ and PI- interactions with BE, C, AL, SN, TA and PB targets at incident momenta from 3 to 12.9 GeV/c. The data were taken with the HARP detector in the T9 beam line of the CERN PS with 5 pct nuclear tagets covering scattered pion momenta from 100 to 800 MeV/c and angle 0.35 to 2.15 radians. This part (1) contains the data taken with the BE target nucleus. The errors are given as the square-root of the diagonal elements of the covariance matrix. CERN-PS. Measurement of the double differential PI+- cross sections at large angles in PI+ and PI- interactions with BE, C, AL, SN, TA and PB targets at incident momenta from 3 to 12.9 GeV/c. The data were taken with the HARP detector in the T9 beam line of the CERN PS with 5 pct nuclear tagets covering scattered pion momenta from 100 to 800 MeV/c and angle 0.35 to 2.15 radians. This part (2) contains the data taken with the C target nucleus. The errors are given as the square-root of the diagonal elements of the covariance matrix. CERN-PS. Measurement of the double differential PI+- cross sections at large angles in PI+ and PI- interactions with BE, C, AL, SN, TA and PB targets at incident momenta from 3 to 12.9 GeV/c. The data were taken with the HARP detector in the T9 beam line of the CERN PS with 5 pct nuclear tagets covering scattered pion momenta from 100 to 800 MeV/c and angle 0.35 to 2.15 radians. This part (3) contains the data taken with the AL target nucleus. The errors are given as the square-root of the diagonal elements of the covariance matrix. CERN-PS. Measurement of the double differential PI+- cross sections at large angles in PI+ and PI- interactions with BE, C, AL, SN, TA and PB targets at incident momenta from 3 to 12.9 GeV/c. The data were taken with the HARP detector in the T9 beam line of the CERN PS with 5 pct nuclear tagets covering scattered pion momenta from 100 to 800 MeV/c and angle 0.35 to 2.15 radians. This part (4) contains the data taken with the CU target nucleus. The errors are given as the square-root of the diagonal elements of the covariance matrix. CERN-PS. Measurement of the double differential PI+- cross sections at large angles in PI+ and PI- interactions with BE, C, AL, SN, TA and PB targets at incident momenta from 3 to 12.9 GeV/c. The data were taken with the HARP detector in the T9 beam line of the CERN PS with 5 pct nuclear tagets covering scattered pion momenta from 100 to 800 MeV/c and angle 0.35 to 2.15 radians. This part (5) contains the data taken with the SN target nucleus. The errors are given as the square-root of the diagonal elements of the covariance matrix. CERN-PS. Measurement of the double differential PI+- cross sections at large angles in PI+ and PI- interactions with BE, C, AL, SN, TA and PB targets at incident momenta from 3 to 12.9 GeV/c. The data were taken with the HARP detector in the T9 beam line of the CERN PS with 5 pct nuclear tagets covering scattered pion momenta from 100 to 800 MeV/c and angle 0.35 to 2.15 radians. This part (6) contains the data taken with the TA target nucleus. The errors are given as the square-root of the diagonal elements of the covariance matrix. CERN-PS. Measurement of the double differential PI+- cross sections at large angles in PI+ and PI- interactions with BE, C, AL, SN, TA and PB targets at incident momenta from 3 to 12.9 GeV/c. The data were taken with the HARP detector in the T9 beam line of the CERN PS with 5 pct nuclear tagets covering scattered pion momenta from 100 to 800 MeV/c and angle 0.35 to 2.15 radians. This part (7) contains the data taken with the PB target nucleus. The errors are given as the square-root of the diagonal elements of the covariance matrix. No description provided.
<script type="text/javascript">
<!--
document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>');
document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.17182/hepdata.50467.v1/t96&type=result"></script>');
-->
</script>
citations | 0 | |
popularity | Average | |
influence | Average | |
impulse | Average |
<script type="text/javascript">
<!--
document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>');
document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.17182/hepdata.50467.v1/t96&type=result"></script>');
-->
</script>
doi: 10.5061/dryad.ft3ps
The bony labyrinth of vertebrates houses the semicircular canals. These sense rotational accelerations of the head and play an essential role in gaze stabilisation during locomotion. The sizes and shapes of the semicircular canals have hypothesised relationships to agility and locomotory modes in many groups, including birds, and a burgeoning palaeontological literature seeks to make ecological interpretations from the morphology of the labyrinth in extinct species. Rigorous tests of formāfunction relationships for the vestibular system are required to support these interpretations. We test the hypothesis that the lengths, streamlines and angles between the semicircular canals are related to body size, wing kinematics and flying style in birds. To do this, we applied geometric morphometrics and multivariate phylogenetic comparative methods to a dataset of 64 three-dimensional reconstructions of the endosseous labyrinth obtained using micro-computed tomography scanning of bird crania. A strong relationship between centroid size of the semicircular canals and body size indicates that larger birds have longer semicircular canals compared with their evolutionary relatives. Wing kinematics related to manoeuvrability (and quantified using the brachial index) explain a small additional portion of the variance in labyrinth size. We also find strong evidence for allometric shape change in the semicircular canals of birds, indicating that major aspects of the shape of the avian labyrinth are determined by spatial constraints. The avian braincase accommodates a large brain, a large eye and large semicircular canals compared with other tetrapods. Negative allometry of these structures means that the restriction of space within the braincase is intense in small birds. This may explain our observation that the angles between planes of the semicircular canals of birds deviate more strongly from orthogonality than those of mammals, and especially from agile, gliding and flying mammals. Furthermore, we find little support for relationships between labyrinth shape and flying style or wing kinematics. Overall, our results suggest that the topological problem of fitting long semicircular canals into a spatially constrained braincase is more important in determining the shape of the avian labyrinth than the specifics of locomotory style or agility. Our results tentatively indicate a link between visual acuity and proportional size of the labyrinth among birds. This suggests that the large labyrinths of birds compared with other tetrapods may result from their generally high visual acuities, and not directly from their ability to fly. The endosseous labyrinths of extinct birds and their close dinosaurian relatives may allow broad inferences about flight or vision, but so far provide few specific insights into detailed aspects of locomotion. PC moviesZIPped folder containing .mov files showing the shape deformations along principal component axes (PC1-PC8) for our analyses at x1 magnification and x2 magnification of the observed magnitudes of shape change.3D labyrinth modelsZIPped folder containing 3D virtual models in .ply format of the endosseous labyrinth and semicircular canals. These models, and the parent microCT data are also housed at Morphosource (http://morphosource.org/Detail/ProjectDetail/Show/project_id/377)Landmarks and semilandmarksLandmark and semi landmark data used in our analyses. Abbreviations: ASC, anterior semicircular canal; PSC, posterior semicircular canal; LSC, lateral semicircular canal.Landmarks.txtQuantitative data tableFlight mode classification, body mass, brachial index (BI), inter-canal plane angles (in radians), and PC scores (for PC1-PC65) used in our analyses.BirdTaxonData.csvPhylogenetic treesSet of 100 phylogenetic trees from Jetz et al (2008; Ericson backbone) used in our analyses)Trees.treSupplementary text figures tablesFig. S1. Summary of 2B-PLS results comparing multivariate flight style to PC shape axes for endosseous labyrinth morphology including outliers and including all shape axes. Fig. S2. Summary of 2B-PLS results comparing multivariate flight style to PC shape axes for endosseous labyrinth morphology including outliers and including all shape axes except PC1. Fig. S3. Summary of 2B-PLS results comparing multivariate flight style to PC shape axes for endosseous labyrinth morphology including outliers and including all shape axes, excluding four outlier taxa. Table S1. Results of regressions of labyrinth inter-canal angles on body mass and BI. Table S2. Results of regressions of positivised deviations of labyrinth inter-canal angles from 90 Ā° on body mass and BI. Table S3. Results of regressions of summed positivised devia- tions of labyrinth inter-canal angles from 90 Ā° on body mass and BI. Table S4. Regression model comparison results for principal component PC4. Table S5. Regression model comparison results for principal component PC5. Table S6. Regression model comparison results for principal component PC6. Table S7. Regression model comparison results for principal component PC7. Table S8. Regression model comparison results for principal component PC8. Appendix S1. Discussion of flight categories.
<script type="text/javascript">
<!--
document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>');
document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.5061/dryad.ft3ps&type=result"></script>');
-->
</script>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!--
document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>');
document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.5061/dryad.ft3ps&type=result"></script>');
-->
</script>
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.13147817 , 10.26138/sxs:bbh:1920v2.0 , 10.26138/sxs:bbh:1920v1.3 , 10.26138/sxs:bbh:1920v1.2 , 10.26138/sxs:bbh:1920v1.4 , 10.5281/zenodo.13147818 , 10.5281/zenodo.2603285 , 10.26138/sxs:bbh:1920v1.1 , 10.26138/sxs:bbh:1920 , 10.5281/zenodo.3307132 , 10.5281/zenodo.2640566 , 10.5281/zenodo.2603286 , 10.5281/zenodo.3273261
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.13147817 , 10.26138/sxs:bbh:1920v2.0 , 10.26138/sxs:bbh:1920v1.3 , 10.26138/sxs:bbh:1920v1.2 , 10.26138/sxs:bbh:1920v1.4 , 10.5281/zenodo.13147818 , 10.5281/zenodo.2603285 , 10.26138/sxs:bbh:1920v1.1 , 10.26138/sxs:bbh:1920 , 10.5281/zenodo.3307132 , 10.5281/zenodo.2640566 , 10.5281/zenodo.2603286 , 10.5281/zenodo.3273261
Simulation of a black-hole binary system evolved by the SpEC code.
<script type="text/javascript">
<!--
document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>');
document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.5281/zenodo.13147817&type=result"></script>');
-->
</script>
<script type="text/javascript">
<!--
document.write('<div id="oa_widget"></div>');
document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.openaire.eu/index.php?option=com_openaire&view=widget&format=raw&projectId=10.5281/zenodo.13147817&type=result"></script>');
-->
</script>