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Project: IPCC Assessment Report 5 and Coupled Model Intercomparison Project data sets - These data belong to two projects: 1) to the Assessment Report No 5 of the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC-AR5) and 2) to the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project No 5 (CMIP5). CMIP5 is executed by the Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison (PCMDI) on behalf of the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP). Most of the data is replicated between the three data nodes at the World Data Centre for Climate (WDCC), the British Atmospheric Data Centre (BADC), and the PCMDI. The project embraces the simulations with about 30 climate models of about 20 institutes worldwide. Summary: rcp85 is an experiment of the CMIP5 - Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 ( https://pcmdi.llnl.gov/mips/cmip5 ). CMIP5 is meant to provide a framework for coordinated climate change experiments for the next five years and thus includes simulations for assessment in the AR5 as well as others that extend beyond the AR5. 4.2 rcp85 (4.2 RCP8.5) - Version 1: Future projection (2006-2100) forced by RCP8.5. RCP8.5 is a representative concentration pathway which approximately results in a radiative forcing of 8.5 W m-2 at year 2100, relative to pre-industrial conditions. RCPs are time-dependent, consistent projections of emissions and concentrations of radiatively active gases and particles. Experiment design: https://pcmdi.llnl.gov/mips/cmip5/experiment_design.html List of output variables: https://pcmdi.llnl.gov/mips/cmip5/datadescription.html Output: time series per variable in model grid spatial resolution in netCDF format Earth System model and the simulation information: CIM repository Entry name/title of data are specified according to the Data Reference Syntax ( https://pcmdi.llnl.gov/mips/cmip5/docs/cmip5_data_reference_syntax.pdf ) as activity/product/institute/model/experiment/frequency/modeling realm/MIP table/ensemble member/version number/variable name/CMOR filename.nc .

Aim: The interdependencies between trophic interactions, environmental factors and anthropogenic forcing determine how species distributions change over time. Large changes in species distributions have occurred as a result of climate change. The objective of this study was to analyse how the spatial distribution of cod and flounder have changed in the Baltic Sea during the past four decades characterized by large hydrological changes. Location: Baltic Sea Taxon: Cod (Gadus morhua) and flounder (Platichthys flesus) Methods: Catch per unit of effort (CPUE) data for adult and juvenile cod and for adult flounder were modelled using Delta-Generalized additive models including environmental and geographical variables between 1979 and 2016. From the annual CPUE predictions for each species, yearly distribution maps and depth distribution curves were obtained. Mean depth and the depth range were estimated to provide an indication on preferred depth and habitat occupancy. Results: Adult and juvenile cod showed a contraction in their distribution in the southern areas of the Baltic Sea. Flounder, instead, showed an expansion in its distribution with an increase in abundance in the northern areas. The depth distributions showed a progressive shift of the mean depth of occurrence towards shallower waters for adult cod and flounder and towards deeper waters for juvenile cod, as well as a contraction of the species depth ranges, evident mainly from the late 1980s. Main conclusions: Our study illustrates large changes in the spatial distribution of cod and flounder in the Baltic Sea. The changes in depth distribution occurred from the late 1980s are probably due to a combination of expanded areas of hypoxia in deep waters and an increase in predation risk in shallow waters. The net effect of these changes is an increased spatial overlap between life stages and species, which may amplify cod cannibalism and the interaction strength between cod and flounder. Data_cod_flounderAdult cod, juvenile cod and flounder CPUE data (in grams). The datasets contain also the associated bottom temperature, salinity and oxygen concentration of each haul as well as the latitude and longitude in decimal degrees.

European Seabirds At Sea (ESAS) assembles offshore monitoring data on seabirds and marine mammals. This international database mostly includes data from the North Sea, yet large parts of the northeastern Atlantic Ocean are covered as well. It finds its origin in the 'Seabirds at Sea' project, which was initiated in 1979 following the discovery of major oil potential in the North Sea and an urgent need to gain more knowledge on the occurrence and distribution of seabirds in their offshore habitat. This led to the execution of large-scale ship-based surveys across the North Sea using a standardized data collection method and a first European-wide data assembly in 1991. ESAS data are collected by various partners during aerial or ship-based surveys at sea and according to a methodology that allows to calculate georeferenced seabird densities. Standard practice further implies collecting as much information as possible on animal age, plumage and behaviour as well as observation conditions and distance to the observed individuals. As part of the WOZEP research project, ESAS data were migrated in 2022 from its former host JNCC (UK) to ICES. The ICES infrastructure allows partners to submit new data and users to download or request data.

Additional file 1: Figure S1. Whole-head serial sectioning and staining for FoxG1. All coronal paraffin sections ordered from ventral to dorsal. The dark anterior pigment corresponds to the frontal eye (FE). Apart from the expression in the brain, FoxG1 is also expressed in some cells of the floor plate (FP) and some ventrolateral cells of the central canal. We also observed expression in somites (M), as described previously by Toresson et al., 1998. Abbreviations: CC: Central Canal; FP: Floor plate; FE: Frontal eye; IO: Infundibular organ; M: Muscle; N: Notochord; NP: Neuropore.

Note: Signatur: "C. F. Nicholls." - Publiziert (Missions-Bilder. 2. u. 3. Heft: Polynesien. Calw, Stuttgart 1864:137).; Note translation: Signature: "C.F. Nicholls." - Published "Missions-Bilder": 2 & 3 books, Polynesia. Calw. Stuttgart 1864:137.

The North Atlantic Register for Marine Species, or NARMS, describes the species biodiversity of the northern North Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean, and the Black Sea. Featured are up-to-date species registers for both sides of the North Atlantic. The NW list spans diatoms to marine mammals in North American waters from Davis Strait to Cape Hatteras. The "European" list has many more species, including additional lower life forms, in the continental shelf seas of Europe from Greenland and north-west Russia to the Canaries and Azores, including the Mediterranean shelf and the Black Sea. Though some sources and species were undoubtedly missed, an attempt was made to make these lists comprehensive and authoritative species registers.

CzIPMR code to estimate the recovery time for Cystoseira zosteroides populations after a major disturbance at different temperature scenarios treatments. In addition, stochastic population growth rate (λs) and quasi-extinction probability at increasing frequency of two major disturbances at increasing temperature scenarios. These analyses correspond to the figures 4 and 5 of Capdevila et al. 2018 JEcol.MixedEffectsparamsParameter values needed for the Integral Projection Models used to model the life cycle and population dynamics of Cystoseira zosteroides. This includes seven demographic processes: 1.survival (σ), 2.growth (γ), 3.fertility (φ), 4.recruits per capita (δ(N)), 5.probability of settlement of recruits (ε), 6.early survival of recruits (σs) and 7.recruits size probability distribution.IPMFunctionsFunctions required to run the CzIPM.R script. This script contains the description of the growth, survival and fecundity functions used to build the IPMs.1. The best-fitted model for survival (σ) was a logistic mixed effect model including size as fixed factors and population nested in years as a random factor. 2. For growth (γ), the best-fitted model was a linear mixed effect model, with size as fixed factor and population nested in year as random factor. 3. Fertility (φ(z)), was estimated as the relation between reproductive status (reproductive vs. non-reproductive) and size with a binomial regression. 4. Recruitment per capita (δ(N)) is density-dependent in C. zosteroides (Capdevila et al., 2015), so a generalized linear model with Poisson error distribution and a log-link function was fitted, correlating the recruit:adult ratio as a function of the adult density. 5. To model the effect of temperature on the probability of settlement (ε) we used a generalized linear mixed models (GLMM), with a Poisson error distribution and a logit link function, the independent variable was the number of zygotes, temperature was treated as a fixed variable and we used the ID of each quadrat of the Petri dishes as a random variable. 6. To model the effect of temperature and time (fixed factors) on germling survival (σs), we used a GLMM with a binomial error distribution and a logit link function, with the ID of each quadrat of each Petri dish as a random variable to deal with the lack of independence between observations repeated at different times and a binomial error distribution was assumed to deal with the binary response variable (survive vs. die). 7. The size distribution of recruits was estimated as a normal probability function. In addition, the function required to project the density-dependent and stochastic IPMs is provided.modsumDensity-dependent function, relating the number of Cystoseira zosteroides recruits with the number of adults. It is a generalized linear model (GLM) with Poisson error distribution and a log-link function, correlating the recruit:adult ratio with the adult density. This file is needed to run the code CzIPM.R.settData on the impacts of temperature (16ºC, 20ºC and 24ºC) on the settlement of Cystoseira zosteroides early stages. This file is needed to perform the projections in CzIPM.R code.survrecData on the impacts of the temperature treatments (16ºC, 20ºC and 24ºC) to early survival of Cystoseira zosteroides. This file is required to run the code CzIPM.R. 1. Understanding the combined effects of global and local stressors is crucial for conservation and management, yet challenging due to the different scales at which these stressors operate. Here we examine the effects of one of the most pervasive threats to marine biodiversity, ocean warming, on the early life stages of the habitat-forming macroalga Cystoseira zosteroides, its long-term consequences for population resilience and its combined effect with physical stressors. 2. First, we performed a controlled laboratory experiment exploring the impacts of warming on early life stages. Settlement and survival of germlings were measured at 16ºC (control), 20ºC and 24ºC and both processes were affected by increased temperatures. Then, we integrated this information into stochastic, density-dependent integral projection models (IPM). 3. Recovery time after a minor disturbance significantly increased in warmer scenarios. The stochastic population growth rate (λs) was not strongly affected by warming alone, as high adult survival compensated for thermal-induced recruitment failure. Nevertheless, warming coupled with recurrent physical disturbances had a strong impact on λs and population viability. 4. Synthesis: The impact of warming effects on early stages may significantly decrease the natural ability of habitat-forming algae to rebound after major disturbances. These findings highlight that, in a global warming context, populations of deep-water macroalgae will become more vulnerable to further disturbances, and stress the need to incorporate abiotic interactions into demographic models.

Evidence of increasing concentrations of dissolved carbon dioxide, especially in the surface ocean and its associated impacts on calcifying organisms, is accumulating. Among these organisms, benthic and planktonic foraminifera are responsible for a large amount of the globally precipitated calcium carbonate. Hence, their response to an acidifying ocean may have important consequences for future inorganic carbon cycling. To assess the sensitivity of benthic foraminifera to changing carbon dioxide levels and subsequent alteration in seawater carbonate chemistry, we cultured specimens of the shallow water species Ammonia tepida at two concentrations of atmospheric CO2 (230 and 1900 ppmv) and two temperatures (10 °C and 15 °C). Shell weights and elemental compositions were determined. Impact of high and low pCO2 on elemental composition are compared with results of a previous experiment were specimens were grown under ambient conditions (380 ppvm, no shell weight measurements of specimen grown under ambient conditions are, however, available). Results indicate that shell weights decrease with decreasing [CO3], although calcification was observed even in the presence of calcium carbonate under-saturation, and also decrease with increasing temperature. Thus both warming and ocean acidification may act to decrease shell weights in the future. Changes in [CO3] or total dissolved inorganic carbon do not affect the Mg distribution coefficient. On the contrary, Sr incorporation is enhanced under increasing [CO3]. Implications of these results for the paleoceanographic application of foraminifera are discussed. In order to allow full comparability with other ocean acidification data sets, the R package seacarb (Lavigne and Gattuso, 2011) was used to compute a complete and consistent set of carbonate system variables, as described by Nisumaa et al. (2010). In this dataset the original values were archived in addition with the recalculated parameters (see related PI). Supplement to: Dissard, Delphine; Nehrke, Gernot; Reichart, Gert-Jan; Bijma, Jelle (2010): Impact of seawater pCO2 on calcification and Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca ratios in benthic foraminifera calcite: results from culturing experiments with Ammonia tepida. Biogeosciences, 7(1), 81-93