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This study combines historical data and the principles of bone functional adaptation to examine variation in terrestrial mobility in men and women from pre-industrial urban (Alkmaar 7M, 9F) and rural (Klaaskinderkerke 12M, 8F; Middenbeemster 21M, 22F) Dutch populations. Cross-sectional properties of the femoral and tibial midshaft are determined to investigate variation in lower limb mechanical loading. All populations had comparable age ranges. Rural Middenbeemster males had significantly more elliptically shaped tibiae compared to the other populations. Rural males from Klaaskinderkerke had significantly greater femoral cross-sectional area and torsional rigidity compared to females. In the tibia, the males from both rural populations had greater torsional rigidity and cross-sectional area compared to females. In the rural Middenbeemster population the males also had significantly more elliptically shaped tibiae compared to females. While no sexual dimorphism was found in the urban Alkmaar, significantly greater variation in lower limb cross-sectional properties was found for both males and females relative to the rural populations. These results conform to predictions based on the historical literature of greater lower limb loading in rural males compared to females as well as a greater variety of tasks performed in urban environments. The lack of significant differences in lower limb torsional rigidity or shape between populations in either sex suggests that rural life was not necessarily more physically strenuous than urban life in pre-industrial Dutch populations. However, variation in sexual dimorphism suggests that labor between males and females was differently organized in the rural and urban samples.

cited By 174; International audience; A theoretical model for the dynamics of a simple two-phase mixture is presented. A classical averaging approach combined with symmetry arguments is used to derive the mass, momentum, and energy equations for the mixture. The theory accounts for surficial energy at the interface and employs a nonequilibrium equation to relate the rate of work done by surface tension to the rates of both pressure work and viscous deformational work. The resulting equations provide a basic model for compaction with and without surface tension. Moreover, use of the full nonequilibrium surface energy relation allows for isotropic damage, i.e., creation of surface energy through void generation and growth (e.g., microcracking), and thus a continuum description of weakening and shear localization. Applications to compaction, damage, and shear localization are investigated in two companion papers. Copyright 2001 by the American Geophysical Union.

The training need assessment was conducted with the main objectives of determining the specific capacity building needs of the different stakeholders (training needs assessment TNA) and identifying gaps that TMPEGS can address in terms of capacity building for two major groups: farmers and tree growers and policy makers. The TNA has the following specific objectives: 1) to determine prospective participants / clients of capacity building activities; and 2) to design IEC materials; and 3) to formulate design for scaling up strategy. LTRA-5 (Agroforestry and Sustainable Vegetable Production)

<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>With the advent of open access movement, open access journals (OAJs) being the prodigious source of academic </span><span>and research information have been gaining significant magnitude. The electronic age has made it easier and more </span><span>convenient than ever to break barriers to research information. The present study aims to study and analyse the status </span><span>of 497 OAJs in Agriculture indexed in Directory of Open Access Journals. Specified traits such as Geographic and </span><span>language wise distribution, coverage of Indexing/Abstracting databases, ranking of journals according to Impact Factor (IF), OA licensing model adopted, policy of plagiarism, visibility on social media and related issues of the </span><span>OAJs in Agriculture are evaluated in the paper. Results indicated the dominance of De Gruyter Open as a publisher with highest number of OAJs, English as a content language, Indonesia with highest number of OAJs, Google scholar </span><span>with highest journals indexed. The study observes the increasing migration of journals from commercial practice to OA. </span><span>Frontiers in Plant Science </span><span>found with highest Impact Factor among OAJs in Agriculture. </span></p></div></div></div>

Bingöl ili Yamaç Mikrohavzasında yürütülen bu çalışmanın amacı; yaklaşık 7866,4 ha genişliğindeki çalışma alanının havza karakteristikleri ile bazı toprak özelliklerinin belirlenmesidir. Bu amaçla Yamaç Mikrohavzası araştırma alanına ait 1/25,000 ölçekli topoğrafik haritaların sayısallaştırılmasıyla sayısal yükseklik modeli oluşturulmuştur. Bu sayısal yükselti modeli kullanılarak eğim, bakı, yükselti, toprak, erozyon, arazi kabiliyet ve arazi kullanım haritaları oluşturulmuş ve yeniden sınıflandırma yapılmıştır. Bu sınıflandırma işlemi yapılırken ArcGIS 10,1 programı kullanılmıştır. Çalışma alanının daha önceden belirlenen 20 adet toprak profilinden 0-30, 30-60, 60-90 ve 90-120 cm derinliklerinden 80 adet toprak örneği alınmıştır. Alınan toprak örneklerinin tekstür, pH, elektriksel iletkenlik (EC), % kireç (CaCO3), organik madde, fosfor ve potasyum analizleri yapılmıştır. Yapılan analiz sonuçlarına göre bu topraklarda drenaj probleminin görülmediği toprakların tuzsuz, bir çoğunun kireçsiz, organik madde miktarının orta düzeyde, pH'nın nötr civarında bir özelliğe sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir. Potasyum düzeyinin fazla fosfor düzeyinin ise %60'ının orta ve iyi derecede olduğu belirlenmiştir. Çalışma alanının jeolojik yapısı metamorfik anakayalardan oluşmaktadır. Anakayalar üzerinde gelişen topraklar derin yapılı, kumlu-balçıklı ve kumlu-killi tekstüre sahiptir. Alan içerisinde mera, tarım arazileri ve ormanlar yer almaktadır. Çalışma alanında ormanlar 5186,6 ha, bozuk orman 1579,06 ha, kumluk alan 534,22 ha, ziraat 319,63 ha, verimli orman 118,35 ha, yerleşim yerleri 90,82 ha ve nehirler 37,72 ha alan kaplamaktadır. Çalışma alanında yer alan köylerde çoğunlukla bahçe bitkileri, yem bitkileri ve serin iklim tahılları yetiştirilir. Çalışma alanının 3939,95 ha alanında şiddetli erozyon görülmektedir. The aim of this study determine to some soil properties of the watershed working area of about 7866.4 hectares in Bingol-Yamac Micro-watersheds. For this aim, Yamaç research watershed with 1 / 25.000 scale digital elevation model was created by the digitization of topographic maps. By using this digital elevation model of slope, aspect, elevation, soil erosion, land capability and land use maps were re-created. For classification of maps was used ArcGIS 10.1 programme. Soil samples were taken from depts of 0-30 cm, 30- 60 cm60-90 cm and 90-120 cm where 8 villages in this area of working and more than pre-determined soil profile. Totally were taken 80 soil samples. We analyzed soil texture, Electrical conductivity (EC), soil pH, CaCO3, soil organic matter, soil available phosphorus and available potassium with this soil. According analyzes of soil have been observed any drainage problem in this area. Results addition, have been observed less lime, middle organic matter, neutral pH level and good available P 60% of soils .The geological structure of the study area is composed of metamorphic bedrock. It made deep soils developed on the bedrock, sandy-loam and a sandy-clay texture. Pastures in the area are situated agricultural land and forests. 5186.6 ha forest in the study area, 1579.06 ha degraded forests, 534.22 ha sandy area, 319.63 ha agricultural, productive forest 118.35 ha, localities 90.82 ha and rivers 37.72 ha covers. In The horticulture plants, forages and grains are mostly grown in the villages of the study area. In the study area, 3939.95 hectares of land have intense erosion problem. 85

Typhoon motoring using Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) signals is a new application of the GNSS-R technique, with increasing interest in the last years. Examples of that can be the CYGNSS (Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System) spaceborne mission proposed by NASA, or the TIGRIS (Typhoon Investigation using GNSS-R Interferometric Signals) experiment, conducted in the framework of ESA-China cooperation. This paper focuses on the TIGRIS experiment, presenting the preliminary results obtained using the interferometric GNSS-R (iGNSS-R) technique. Peer Reviewed

Surface-ship and submarine pendulum gravity measurements have been compiled in a new free air gravity anomaly map of the central Pacific Ocean in the region of Hawaii. The main features of the map are large amplitude positive anomalies (up to +700 mGal) over the Hawaiian ridge, large amplitude negative anomalies (up to −136 mGal) flanking the ridge, and a broad belt (>250 km) of positive anomalies (+25 to +50 mGal) bordering the negative anomalies. The map has been used to construct 1°×1°, 5°×5°, and 10°×10° free air anomaly averages. The main feature of the 5°×5° average map is a long-wavelength (∼2200 km) positive anomaly (up to +15 mGal) over the southeastern end of the Hawaiian ridge. A long-wavelength positive anomaly is also seen on the 10°×10° average map, which agrees well with the Gem 6 satellite-derived solution to harmonic degree 16. Computations suggest that crustal structure of the Hawaiian ridge is unlikely to contribute significantly to these long-wavelength positive anomalies. The positive anomalies correlate closely with the Hawaiian swell upon which the Hawaiian ridge is superimposed. The regression lines representing 1°×1° and 5°×5° averages of gravity against topography slope at 21 mGal/km and 22 mGal/km, respectively. These slopes are smaller than those over other regions where the lithosphere is warped for large distances, suggesting that if the swell is warped, it must be compensated. The form which the compensation takes is uncertain, but it may be related to some pattern of flow beneath the lithosphere which maintains both the swell and the associated long-wavelength gravity anomalies.

The distribution and characteristics of forest ecosystems are largely under the influence of climate. Climate directly affects the growth, leaf area and form, fenology and plant life, from seed to seedling formation. Climate varies from global scale to regional and local scales. Climate also has feedback mechanisms that can revert the changing vegetation back to its original state, through the changes it can create on vegetation. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the relationships between the distribution of tree species in the highland which is under the influence of the sea in Canik-Giresun Mountains, Trabzon Mountains and Rize-Kaçkar Mountains sites in the Eastern Black Sea Region, and spatial factors (altitude, distance from sea and latitude) and climate variables. The climate data, such as precipitation, temperature (average, minimum and maximum) and number of foggy days, of meteorological stations at different altitudes in coastal and mountainous areas under the influence of the sea were used in the study. 100 m increase in altitude led to a decrease in 26.9 mm precipitation in the Canik-Giresun Mountains, a decrease in 87.0 mm precipitation in the Rize-Kaçkar Mountains, and an average temperature decrease of 0.4oC in sites. The decrease in annual precipitations reaches 70 mm in Trabzon Mountains, 100 mm in Canik-Giresun Mountains and 290 mm in Rize-Kaçkar Mountains at a distance of 10 km away from the coast. Statistical increases were determined in the number of foggy days depending on the altitude and distance from the sea. In the research area, at 3rd altitude step where the distance from the sea and altitude are extreme, Scots pine, Oriental Spruce and Fir are spread in Canik-Giresun Mountains, Oriental Spruce and Scots pine are spread in Trabzon Mountains, and Oriental Spruce, Oriental Beech and Fir are spread in Rize-Kaçkar Mountains. Despite the decreasing amount of precipitation along with the increase in altitude and distance from the sea, the fog cloud in high mountainous areas plays an important ecological role in the conservation and distribution of these species. Orman ekosistemlerinin dağılımı ve özellikleri büyükölçüde iklimin etkisi altındadır. İklim, tohumdan fidan teşekkülüne, büyümeyi,yaprak alanı ve formunu, fenolojiyi ve bitki hayatını doğrudan etkiler. İklim,küresel ölçekten bölgesel ve yerel ölçeğe farklılık gösterir. İklimin,vejetasyon üzerinde meydana getirebileceği değişiklikler yoluyla, değişenvejetasyonu tekrar orijinal haline döndürebilecek geri besleme mekanizmaları davardır. Bu çalışmada, Doğu Karadeniz Bölümü’nde Canik-Giresun Dağları, TrabzonDağları ve Rize-Kaçkar Dağları yetişme ortamlarında deniz etkisi altındakidağlık arazide ağaç türlerinin yayılışı ile konum faktörleri (yükselti,denizden uzaklık, enlem) ve iklim değişkenleri arasındaki ilişkilerinaraştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada, deniz etkisi altında kıyı ve dağlıkalanlarda farklı yükseltilerdeki meteoroloji istasyonlarının yağış, sıcaklık(ortalama, minimum ve maksimum) ve sisli günler sayısı gibi iklim verilerindenyararlanılmıştır. Yükseltideki 100 m artış Canik-Giresun Dağları’nda 26.9 mm,Rize-Kaçkar Dağlarında 87,0 mm yağışta düşüşe; yetişme ortamlarında ortalamaolarak 0,4 oC ortalama sıcaklık düşüşüne sebep olmuştur. Yıllık yağışlardakidüşüş, sahilden 10 km uzaklaşıldığında, Trabzon Dağları’nda 70 mm,Canik-Giresun Dağlarında 100 mm ve Rize-Kaçkar Dağlarında 290 mm’yeulaşmaktadır. Yükselti ve denizden uzaklığa bağlı olarak sisli gün sayısındaistatistiksel olarak artışlar belirlenmiştir.Araştırma alanında, denizden uzaklığın ve yükseltininekstrem olduğu III. yükselti basamağında, Canik-Giresun dağlarında Sarıçam,Doğu Ladini ve Göknar, Trabzon dağlarında Doğu Ladini ve Sarıçam, Rize-KaçkarDağlarında Doğu Ladini, Doğu Kayını ve Göknar yayılış göstermektedir. Yükseltive denizden uzaklığın artması ile düşen yağış miktarına rağmen, yüksek dağlıkalanlardaki sis bulutu bu türlerin korunmasında ve yayılışında önemli ekolojikbir rol üstlenmektedir.

Increasing environmental consciousness is resulting more and more in a dramatic change in the way that products are perceived by customers and other stakeholders. Either business or administrations and nonprofits have to face threats at the same time that they try to take advantage of new market circumstances. Most analyses in the field focus on goods and manufacturing industries –assuming that services have a minor impact on environment–. However, the services sector includes a real variety of activities and some of them could perform not so eco or nature friendly, even when they are clearly linked to natural resources, as agrotourism. Research was conducted on environmental management strategies in agrotourism establishments located in the Spanish region of Castilla y León and perception on their barriers and benefits.

Many of the tropical peat swamp forests in Borneo and Sumatra are seriously threatened by (illegal and legal) logging and conversion to plantations for the oil palm and pulp and paper industries. In all cases the hydrology is affected by excess drainage, leading to destruction of remaining forests, notably in dry years. Beyond a certain point the hydrological integrity of ombrogenous areas is lost, leading to an irreversible process of total destruction and the combustion and oxidation of the remaining thick peat layers. Unless rigorous measures are taken very soon, this most likely will lead to major negative effects on biodiversity and global climate.