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International audience; Deterministic networking allows carrying data flows with low data-loss rates and with bounded latency. A typical use-case is the convergence of Operational Technology (OT) with Information Technology (IT), also known as the Industrial Internet. Wireless networks operate on a shared communication medium where the potential external interference along with multi-path fading impact data packet delivery. Since the medium is shared, it is not necessarily possible to employ wired techniques, such as preemption, to guarantee timely delivery. By employing diversity in the time, frequency and spatial domains, wireless technologies with scheduled transmissions, such as IEEE 802.15.4 Time Slot Channel Hopping (TSCH), can mitigate those effects and provide Reliable and Available Wireless communications that approach determinism. Nevertheless, a radio link operating in the ISM band, such as IEEE 802.15.4-TSCH, still needs to handle collisions and possibly re-transmission. Therefore, a single link cannot reliably ensure delivery at all times within bounded latency. It takes redundant links and paths to provide both the high availability and the near consistent reliability that industrial applications require. In this paper, we present the Packet Automatic Repeat reQuest (ARQ), Replication and Elimination (RE), and Overhearing (PAREO) functions to further increase the Quality of Service (QoS) in industrial networks, even when implemented on top of best-effort traffic in a shared network.

As part of a larger investigation of cancer in Uganda, we conducted a case-control study of Kaposi's sarcoma in human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV)-seronegative adults presenting at hospitals in Kampala. Cases comprised 117 HIV-seronegative patients with Kaposi's sarcoma and controls comprised 1,282 HIV-seronegative patients with a provisional diagnosis of cancer other than Kaposi's sarcoma. Study participants were interviewed about social and lifestyle factors, tested for HIV and, if there was sufficient sera, for antibodies against Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV or human herpesvirus 8 [HHV8]), using an immunofluorescent assay. Independent effects of these factors were identified using unconditional logistic regression, after adjusting for age group (<30, 30-44, 45+) and sex. Antibody status for KSHV was available for 68% (80) of cases and for 45% (607) of controls. Among cases, 78% (91) were male and 57% (66) were over the age of 35. Cases were more likely than controls to be from tribal groups other than the Baganda (p = 0.05), to have higher household incomes (p = 0.003), to have left their home region at younger ages (p < 0.001), to own goats or pigs (p = 0.02) and to rarely or never use shoes (p < 0.001). Similar results were obtained when analyses were restricted to cases and controls with anti-KSHV antibodies. The seroprevalence of KSHV was 79% (63/80) in those with Kaposi's sarcoma as compared to 50% (302/607) in those without (chi(2) heterogeneity (1 df) = 21.0; p < 0.001) and the risk of the tumour increased with increasing anti-KSHV antibody titres (chi(2) trend (1 df) = 29.7; p < 0.001). The risk of Kaposi's sarcoma is clearly linked to antibody status for KSHV, but it would seem that in Uganda other factors are also important in the development of the tumour.

Understanding what matters most to patients can help guide research in a direction that is best situated to provide evidence that is responsive to their core concerns. This can better inform the treatment decision-making process for patients and their physicians. The Aortic Dissection (AD) Collaborative built a collaborative AD research infrastructure involving patients and other stakeholders to facilitate patient-centered outcomes research training, support, and networking among those affected by AD. Two surveys and semi-structured interviews were conducted between January and October 2020 to gather information from people with and at risk for AD and their family members to better understand their experiences and needs. Discussion of survey and interview results were then articulated as seven key topics for future research to meet the needs of the AD community. Working groups were assembled to address each of the key topics. The groups conducted landscape reviews that were focused on providing guidance for future research that directly addresses the needs identified by the AD community. Recommendations for future research generated by the working groups were compiled by the Aortic Dissection Collaborative. From these recommendations, the Aortic Dissection Collaborative advisors and stakeholders identified high-priority research questions. The research questions form the basis for a third survey, disseminated to the Virtual Research Network between November 2021 and February 2022. Final analysis of the survey will identify top ranked research questions and assess willingness to participate. These results will inform the development of future patient-centered outcomes research and comparative effectiveness research proposals.

We introduce and develop a theory of orthogonality with respect to Sobolev inner products on the real line for sequences of functions with a tridiagonal, skew‐Hermitian differentiation matrix. While a theory of such L2 ‐orthogonal systems is well established, Sobolev orthogonality requires new concepts and their analysis. We characterize such systems completely as appropriately weighted Fourier transforms of orthogonal polynomials and present a number of illustrative examples, inclusive of a Sobolev‐orthogonal system whose leading N coefficients can be computed in O ( N log N ) $ \mathcal{O} (N\log N)$ operations. Funder: Narodowe Centrum Nauki; Id: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004281 Funder: Simons Foundation; Id: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000893

AbstractUnderstanding the expression of known and unknown gene products represents one of the key challenges in the post-genomic world. Here, we have developed a new class of reagents to examine protein expression in vivo that does not require transfection, radiolabeling, or the prior choice of a candidate gene. To do this, we constructed a series of puromycin conjugates bearing various fluorescent and biotin moieties. These compounds are readily incorporated into expressed protein products in cell lysates in vitro and efficiently cross cell membranes to function in protein synthesis in vivo as indicated by flow cytometry, selective enrichment studies, and Western analysis. Overall, this work demonstrates that fluorescent-puromycin conjugates offer a general means to examine protein expression in vivo.

AbstractThe underivatized saponins from Tribulus terrestris and Panax ginseng have been investigated by electrospray ionization multi-stage tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MSn). In ESI-MS spectra, a predominant [M + Na]+ ion in positive mode and [M − H]− ion in negative mode were observed for molecular mass information. Multi-stage tandem mass spectrometry of the molecular ions was used for detailed structural analysis. Fragment ions from glycoside cleavage can provide information on the mass of aglycone and the primary sequence and branching of oligosaccharide chains in terms of classes of monosaccharides. Fragment ions from cross-ring cleavages of sugar residues can give some information about the linkages between sugar residues. It was found that different alkali metal-cationized adducts with saponins have different degrees of fragmentation, which may originate from the different affinity of a saponin with each alkali metal in the gas phase. ESI-MSn has been proven to be an effective tool for rapid determination of native saponins in extract mixtures, thus avoiding tedious derivatization and separation steps.

Cuniculus paca (Mammalia: Cuniculidae), or ‘paca’ is a rodent species in great demand for its meat, which has led to domestication and development of paca farms in the Brazilian Amazon region, as well as in other states. Despite the growing consumption of paca meat, knowledge on muscle anatomy is still scarce. An anatomical description of paca forelimbs will form the basis for future zootechnical and veterinary studies, enabling the development of sustainable production in the Amazon region, as well as the preservation of the species. We studied forelimb anatomy in four (04) adult pacas from the Caboclinho Project of Catuaba Experimental Farm (UFAC) under IBAMA authorization n°509309. Specimens were fixed in 10% formalin and thoracic limbs were dissected, after which anatomical descriptions and photographic records were generated. We found that paca forelimb musculature is similar to that of other groups of domestic animals with regard to the origin and muscle insertion. A paca (Cuniculus paca) é um animal que pertence ao Filo Chordata, Classe Mammalia e Família Cuniculidae. A grande demanda pela carne desse animal levou à sua domesticação e ao desenvolvimento de criatórios na região Amazônica e em outros estados do país. Apesar do crescente consumo da carne de paca, o conhecimento sobre a musculatura ainda é escasso. A descrição anatômica dos membros torácicos da paca dará subsidio para futuros estudos zootécnicos e veterinários, possibilitando o desenvolvimento amazônico concomitante à preservação da espécie. Para o presente estudo, foram utilizadas quatro pacas adultas, provenientes do Projeto Caboclinho da Fazenda Experimental Catuaba/UFAC, sob a autorização IBAMA n°509309, fixadas em solução de formol a 10%. Após dissecação do membro torácico dos animais, foi realizada a descrição anatômica com o subsequente registro fotográfico. Os músculos descritos do membro torácico são semelhantes a outros grupos de animais domésticos, quanto à origem e à inserção muscular. 

AbstractBackgroundVaginal discharge syndrome (VDS) is a common condition. Clinical management targets sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and bacterial vaginosis (BV); there is limited focus onCandidainfection as cause of VDS. Lack ofCandidatreatment coverage and, if present, antifungal resistance may result in VDS treatment failure. This study aimed to determine the prevalence ofCandidainfection, antifungal resistance, and coinfections in Namibian women with VDS.MethodsA cross-sectional study was performed using 253 vaginal swabs from women with VDS in Namibia. Demographic data was collected, and phenotypic and molecular detection ofCandidaspecies was performed followed by fluconazole susceptibility testing ofCandidaisolates. BV was diagnosed using Nugent score microscopy; molecular detection ofChlamydia trachomatis,Neisseria gonorrhoeaeandTrichomonas vaginaliswas performed.ResultsCandidaspecies was detected in 110/253 women (43%). Ninety women (36%) hadCandida albicansand 24 (9.5%) had non-albicansCandidaspecies. The non-albicans species detected were 19 (17%)Candida glabrata, 4.0 (3.5%)Candida krusei, and 1.0 (0.9%)Candida parapsilosis.Candida albicanswere more frequently isolated in younger (p = 0.004) and pregnant women (p = 0.04) compared to non-albicansCandidaspecies. Almost all (98%)Candida albicansisolates were susceptible to fluconazole while all non-albicansCandidaspecies were fluconazole resistant. STIs were diagnosed in 92 women (36%): 30 (12%) withC. trachomatis, 11 (4.3%)N. gonorrhoeae, and 70 (28%)T. vaginalis; 98 (39%) women had BV.Candidainfection alone was diagnosed in 30 women (12%), combined with STIs in 42 women (17%) and was concurrent with BV in 38 women (15%).Candidainfection was more often detected in swabs from women withoutC. trachomatisdetected (6.4% vs. 16%; OR 0.30; 95% CI 0.10–0.77,p = 0.006).ConclusionsThe high prevalence ofCandidainfection, especially those due to non-albicansCandidaspecies that are resistant to fluconazole, is a great concern in our setting and may lead to poor treatment outcomes. Access to microbiological testing forCandidaspecies in the context of syndromic management is warranted.

During early embryogenesis, the neural plate is specified along the anterior-posterior (AP) axis by the action of graded patterning signals. In particular, the attenuation of canonical Wnt signals plays a central role in the determination of the anterior brain region. Here, we show that the extracellular matrix (ECM) protein Del1, expressed in the anterior neural plate, is essential for forebrain development in the Xenopus embryo. Overexpression of Del1 expands the forebrain domain and promotes the formation of head structures, such as the eye, in a Chordin-induced secondary axis. Conversely, the inhibition of Del1 function by a morpholino oligonucleotide (MO) represses forebrain development. Del1 also augments the expression of forebrain markers in neuralized animal cap cells, whereas Del1-MO suppresses them. We previously reported that Del1 interferes with BMP signaling in the dorsal-ventral patterning of the gastrula marginal zone. By contrast, we demonstrate here that Del1 function in AP neural patterning is mediated mainly by the inhibition of canonical Wnt signaling. Wnt-induced posteriorization of the neural plate is counteracted by Del1, and the Del1-MO phenotype (posteriorization) is reversed by Dkk1. Topflash reporter assays show that Del1 suppresses luciferase activities induced by Wnt1 and β-catenin. This inhibitory effect of Del1 on canonical Wnt signaling, but not on BMP signaling, requires the Ror2 pathway, which is implicated in non-canonical Wnt signaling. These findings indicate that the ECM protein Del1 promotes forebrain development by creating a local environment that attenuates the cellular response to posteriorizing Wnt signals via a unique pathway.

Although the first sex-dependent differences in chemosensory processing were reported in the scientific literature over 60 years ago, the underlying mechanisms are still unknown. Generally, more pronounced sex-dependent differences are noted with increased task difficulty or with increased levels of intranasal irritation produced by the stimulus. Whether differences between the sexes arise from differences in chemosensory sensitivity of the two intranasal sensory systems involved or from differences in cognitive processing associated with emotional evaluation of the stimulants is still not known. We used simultaneous and complementary measures of electrophysiological (EEG), psychophysiological, and psychological responses to stimuli varying in intranasal irritation and odorousness to investigate whether sex differences in the processing of intranasal irritation are mediated by varying sensitivity of the involved sensory systems or by differences in cognitive and/or emotional evaluation of the irritants. Women perceived all stimulants more irritating and they exhibited larger amplitudes of the late positive deflection of the event-related potential than men. No significant differences in sensory sensitivity, anxiety, and arousal responses could be detected. Our findings suggest that men and women process intranasal irritation differently. Importantly, the differences cannot be explained by variation in sensory sensitivity to irritants, differences in anxiety, or differences in physiological arousal. We propose that women allocate more attention to potentially noxious stimuli than men do, which eventually causes differences in cognitive appraisal and subjective perception.