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Gameful and playful design aspire to make existing activities and systems more engaging by infusing them with the engaging qualities of games and toys. One such quality is make-believe, the constitution of fictional “as ifs”. While frequently evoked, actual work on make-believe in gameful and playful design has remained quite scarce and scattered. This chapter therefore draws on neighbouring fields to break out five major design aspects of make-believe: theming; storification; scripting, ruling, and framing; role-play; and their integration in unified experiences. For each, the chapter presents explanatory theories; psychological and behavioural effects; design elements and strategies used to evoke said effects; and existing empirical studies. The chapter closes in summarizing how and why playful make-believe design differs from current gamification in form (often artistic one-offs) and technology (often audio); and what limitations future research should try to overcome.

This chapter reports on and discusses an extensive interview conducted by the authors with the head of pre-sales at a hardware and software re-seller. The Pre-Sales division of the reseller provides advice based on end-to-end solution for IT infrastructure and technology management. Within the team there is expertise spanning a plethora of specifically defined technology areas to support end customers in the decision making process on their capital expenditure in IT equipment. Areas include Software licensing, Server infrastructure development, data storage and management, systems security, and networking infrastructure (and more). The business of being a re-seller may not initially strike the reader as being relevant to cybersecurity in general, and socio-technical matters at all, but we discovered the rather vital role that such an intermediary performs through their added value and corporate ethics. Specifically, this reseller’s team of customer service agents provide advice and referral to colleagues and end customers for subject-matter expertise as well, naturally, for opportunities to up-sell – specifically with that important core of any economy: Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (hereafter SMEs) - usually defined as companies with up to 250 employees. In other words, the business both responds to requests for solutions from existing customers (pull) and actively engages with customers to grow awareness about, for example, security risks in order to sell products and services (push). The authors – drawing on a background of research in corporate resilience and SMEs (with a commercial background in the IT sector) were interested to learn from an individual with his finger very firmly on the pulse of SME cyber-security awareness, just what his view was on the general level of cyber-security awareness amongst SMEs and what his company offered in the way of assistance.

Preclinical studies showed a relationship between high dominant frequency areas (HDFA) and wave fractionation, but evidence in patient who atrial fibrillation (AF) persists for long-term periods (persAF) it is not well defined. This study aims to assess the spatiotemporal organization characteristics at HDFAs is persAF and its impact after per standard pulmonary vein isolation (PVI). Eight persAF patients had a non-contact array catheter deployed into the left atrium to collect up to 2048 AF electrograms (AEG) for 15 s. AEGs were band-pass filtered (3-30 Hz) followed by ventricular farfield cancellation. DF between 4-10 Hz and its respective organization index (OI) were calculated (4 s with 50% overlap) to produce 3D DF and OI maps. HDFA defined as the regions within a 0.25 Hz drop from the highest DF were determined and their centre of gravity (CG) calculated. Highest DF sites showed a higher OI at their core when compared to the periphery (0.422±0.101 vs. 0.386±0.126, p=0.02) and increased again organization at sites distant from the HDFAs. Similarly, after PVI, OI remained higher as compared to their periphery (0.372±0.026 vs. 0.332±0.036, p=0.22), but with significant lower values when compared with baseline (p<0.0001). PersAF patients showed higher organization in the HDFAs core when compared with its periphery.

Decision-making for self-adaptation approaches need to address different challenges, including the quantification of the uncertainty of events that cannot be foreseen in advance and their effects, and dealing with conflicting objectives that inherently involve multi-objective decision making (e.g., avoiding costs vs. providing reliable service). To enable researchers to evaluate and compare decision-making techniques for self-adaptation, we present the RDMSim exemplar. RDMSim enables researchers to evaluate and compare techniques for decision-making under environmental uncertainty that support self-adaptation. The focus of the exemplar is on the domain problem related to Remote Data Mirroring, which gives opportunity to face the challenges described above. RDMSim provides probe and effector components for easy integration with external adaptation managers, which are associated with decision-making techniques and based on the MAPE-K loop. Specifically, the paper presents (i) RDMSim, a simulator for real-world experimentation, (ii) a set of realistic simulation scenarios that can be used for experimentation and comparison purposes, (iii) data for the sake of comparison.

Viruses are extremely small infectious particles that are not visible in a light microscope, and \ud \ud are able to pass through fine porcelain filters. They exist in a huge variety of forms and \ud \ud infect practically all living systems: animals, plants, insects and bacteria. All viruses have a \ud \ud genome, typically only one type of nucleic acid, but it could be one or several molecules of \ud \ud DNA or RNA, which is surrounded by a protective stable coat (capsid) and sometimes by \ud \ud additional layers which may be very complex and contain carbohydrates, lipids, and \ud \ud additional proteins. The viruses that have only a protein coat are named “naked”, or non-\ud enveloped viruses. Many viruses have an envelope (enveloped viruses) that wraps around \ud \ud the protein capsid. This envelope is formed from a lipid membrane of the host cell during \ud \ud the release of a virus out of the cell.

The OWL2 profile OWL 2 QL, based on the DL-Lite family of description logics, is emerging as a major language for developing new ontologies and approximating the existing ones. Its main application is ontology based data access, where ontologies are used to provide background knowledge for answering queries over data. We investigate the corresponding notion of query inseparability (or equivalence) for OWL 2 QL ontologies and show that deciding query inseparability is PSpace-hard and in ExpTime. We give polynomial-time (incomplete) algorithms and demonstrate by experiments that they can be used for practical module extraction.

Since the release of Napster in 1999, P2P file-sharing has enjoyed a dramatic rise in popularity. A 2000 study by Plonka on the University of Wisconsin campus network found that file-sharing accounted for a comparable volume of traffic to HTTP, while a 2002 study by Saroiu et al. on the University of Washington campus network found that file-sharing accounted for more than treble the volume of web traffic observed, thus affirming the significance of P2P in the context of Internet traffic. Empirical studies of P2P traffic are essential for supporting the design of nextgeneration P2P systems, informing the provisioning of network infrastructure and underpinning the policing of P2P systems. The latter is of particular significance as P2P file-sharing systems have been implicated in supporting criminal behaviour including copyright infringement and the distribution of illegal pornography.

Haptic devices can be used to visualize information. As well as representing tangible surfaces and forces to enhance virtual training simulators for instance, haptic devices have been used to realize tactile versions of diagrams and visualizations (such as line graphs and bar charts). Such depictions enable blind or partial sighted users to perceive and understand information. However, there are multiple challenges when presenting information tactically: (1) it is difficult to understand a summary of the information, and (2) it is challenging to represent multivariate information through these haptic representations. In this paper we present how hlyphs (haptic versions of the graphical glyph) can be created, describe design guidelines, and detail how they can be used to represent both summaries and multivariate information.

Is there a single principle by which neural operations can account for perception, cognition, action, and even consciousness? A strong candidate is now taking shape in the form of “predictive processing”. On this theory, brains engage in predictive inference on the causes of sensory inputs by continuous minimization of prediction errors or informational “free energy”. Predictive processing can account, supposedly, not only for perception, but also for action and for the essential contribution of the body and environment in structuring sensorimotor interactions. In this paper I draw together some recent developments within predictive processing that involve predictive modelling of internal physiological states (interoceptive inference), and integration with “enactive” and “embodied” approaches to cognitive science (predictive perception of sensorimotor contingencies). The upshot is a development of predictive processing that originates, not in Helmholtzian perception-as-inference, but rather in 20th-century cybernetic principles that emphasized homeostasis and predictive control. This way of thinking leads to (i) a new view of emotion as active interoceptive inference; (ii) a common predictive framework linking experiences of body ownership, emotion, and exteroceptive perception; (iii) distinct interpretations of active inference as involving disruptive and disambiguatory—not just confirmatory—actions to test perceptual hypotheses; (iv) a neurocognitive operationalization of the “mastery of sensorimotor contingencies” (where sensorimotor contingencies reflect the rules governing sensory changes produced by various actions); and (v) an account of the sense of subjective reality of perceptual contents (“perceptual presence”) in terms of the extent to which predictive models encode potential sensorimotor relations (this being “counterfactual richness”). This is rich and varied territory, and surveying its landmarks emphasizes the need for experimental tests of its key contributions.