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s PSI/Central Asia is implementing a 5-year USAID-funded Drug Demand Reduction Program (DDRP) among injecting drug users, opiate drug-using sex workers, sex workers and at-risk youth in select sites in Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan. The Adara (or DDR-SW) Program1 operates in Osh, Kyrgyzstan; Tashkent, Uzbekistan; and Khujand, Tajikistan targeting commercial sex workers (CSWs) and drug-using sex workers (i.e. drug users who sell sex). The three program sites were selected due to high prevalence of drug use (in particular injecting drug use or IDU) and sex work, high prevalence of HIV and Hepatitis C among IDUs, and the resulting high vulnerability of CSWs to drug use and Hepatitis and HIV transmission in those sites. The primary research objective of this study was to obtain baseline information regarding key sexual behaviors and their determinants among the target population of CSW. Follow-up studies are planned for 2008. Time Location Sampling was used to collect data among 600 CSWs aged 15 to 45 who have been a CSW for at least one month and have had their last sexual act with a client within the last 6 months in Tashkent, Osh and Khujand.

The purpose of this study is to provide information that can be used to inform PSI/Somaliland reproductive health (RH) programming (method mix, distribution strategy, partnership development, etc.) and develop the brand, messages, and campaign personality for birth spacing. In-depth interviews and photo narratives will be used to collect data. In-depth interviews were chosen to provide the privacy participants need in order to share information openly. Photonarratives allow study participants to describe their experiences both verbally and visually, presenting another means by which to understand their lives.

Supplementary Figure 1. Immunohistochemical analysis of the TJ and AJ proteins with unchanged expression. LPS-treated vs. control monolayers did not show any differential expression or discontinuous distribution of tight junction protein 1 (TJP1, a), E-cadherin (CDH1, b) and b-catenin (CTNNB1, c) as well as in the ethanol-treated vs. control monolayers for TJP1 (d) as shown in the representative immunofluorescence micrographs. The far right histograms show the relative expression of the fluorescence intensity (FITC) on the cell surface of Caco-2 monolayers treated with LPS vs. controls (a-c) and ethanol vs. controls (d) by perimeter analysis. Data are reported as mean ± SEM; n = 3 independent experiments. Statistical analysis was performed using unpaired t-test. Scale bars: 25 μm. Legend: Ctrl (Control); LPS (Lipopolysaccharide); EtOH (Ethanol).

High risk sex is defined as engaging in sexual intercourse with non-marital / non-cohabiting partner. The UDHS 2006 shows that only 35% of women and 57% of men who engaged in higher risk sex in the past 12 months used a condom at last higher risk sex. The UDHS also shows that high risk sex is greatest among young adults aged 18-24. This trend does not change significantly until after age 35. To identify drivers/barriers to condom use in high risk sex, PSI conducted a household survey among sexually active (ever had sex) 18-35 year olds. The study also aimed to monitor levels of condom use and related determinants / perceptions. PSI Uganda conducted a cross sectional survey among sexually active males and females aged 18-35 using a multistage cluster sampling approach. A sample of 1054 males and females was interviewed from eighty-eight parishes in 35 districts out of a total of 80 districts in Uganda. The findings are presented in PSI standard dashboard tables.

Bodhgayā, Bihār. Terracotta plaque with old Mon inscription, front face. British Museum 1887,0717.82 presented by Alexander Cunningham.

L'objectif principal de la presente etude est d'evaluer le niveau d'exposition a toutes les campagnes/spots portants sur les marques de PSI aupres des groupes cibles dans chaque region en plus de Conakry et par milieu de residence en utilisant la methode denommee TRaC-M. TRaC-M est une nouvelle approche developpe par PSI, specifiquement pour mesurer la portee et le rappel des messages diffuses dans le cadre de la communication pour le changement de comportement. L'information sur la portee encore appelee couverture est importante en ce sens qu'elle permet aux responsables de programme de decider rapidement s'il est necessaire de continuer a diffuser un spot ou si un niveau de saturation a deja ete atteint.

Les objectifs de l'etude sont: comprendre les motivations et comportements des grossistes et des demi-grossistes relatifs a la distribution de Prudence Plus, comprendre les differences entre les commercants qui distribuent Prudence Plus et ceux qui ne le font pas, et identifier les determinants de la distribution de Prudence Plus selon les normes de PSI-Guinee. Les technique a utiliser sont les entretiens individuels, l'observation, suivie de la prise de photos des boutiques et de l'environnement de vente. L'echantillon est constituee de 6 grossistes, 6 demi-grossistes, et 6 detaillants repartis de Conakry et Labe. Cet echantillon tiendra compte des categories suivantes: vendeur actuel, jamais vendu, et a renonce a la vente de Prudence Plus.