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OBJECTIVE. To assess whether HS severity is mirrored at the level of large-scale networks. METHODS. We studied preoperative high-resolution anatomical and diffusion-weighted MRI of 44 TLE patients with histopathological diagnosis of HS (n=25; TLE-HS) and isolated gliosis (n=19; TLE-G), and 25 healthy controls. Hippocampal measurements included surface-based subfield mapping of atrophy and T2 hyperintensity indexing cell loss and gliosis, respectively. Whole-brain connectomes were generated via diffusion tractography and examined using graph theory along with a novel network control theory paradigm which simulates functional dynamics from structural network data. RESULTS. Compared to controls, we observed markedly increased path length and decreased clustering in TLE-HS compared to controls, indicating lower global and local network efficiency, while TLE-G showed only subtle alterations. Similarly, network controllability was lower in TLE-HS only, suggesting limited range of functional dynamics. Hippocampal imaging markers were positively associated with macroscale network alterations, particularly in ipsilateral CA1-3. Systematic assessment across several networks revealed maximal changes in the hippocampal circuity. Findings were consistent when correcting for cortical thickness, suggesting independence from grey matter atrophy. CONCLUSIONS. Severe HS is associated with marked remodeling of connectome topology and structurally-governed functional dynamics in TLE, as opposed to isolated gliosis which has negligible effects. Cell loss, particularly in CA1-3, may exert a cascading effect on brain-wide connectomes, underlining coupled disease processes across multiple scales. Data_phen_conn_dryadPhenotypic information and mean connectome feature data for Bernhardt et al. (2019) Temporal lobe epilepsy: hippocampal pathology modulates white matter connectome topology and controllability. Neurology

An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures. Related Article: G.Schatte, S.Labiuk, B.Li, P.-G.Burnett, M.Reaney, P.Grochulski, M.Fodje, J.Yang, R.Sammynaiken|2012|Acta Crystallogr.,Sect.E:Struct.Rep.Online|68|o50|doi:10.1107/S1600536811051488

The PATH Study was launched in 2011 to inform the Food and Drug Administration's regulatory activities under the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act (TCA). The PATH Study is a collaboration between the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), and the Center for Tobacco Products (CTP), Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The study sampled over 150,000 mailing addresses across the United States to create a national sample of tobacco users and non-users. 45,971 adults and youth constitute the first (baseline) wave, Wave 1, of data collected by this longitudinal cohort study. These 45,971 adults and youth along with 7,207 "shadow youth" (youth ages 9 to 11 sampled at Wave 1) make up the 53,178 participants that constitute the Wave 1 Cohort. Respondents are asked to complete an interview at each follow-up wave. Youth who turn 18 by the current wave of data collection are considered "aged-up adults" and are invited to complete the Adult Interview. Additionally, "shadow youth" are considered "aged-up youth" upon turning 12 years old, when they are asked to complete an interview after parental consent. At Wave 4, a probability sample of 14,098 adults, youth, and shadow youth ages 10 to 11 was selected from the civilian, noninstitutionalized population at the time of Wave 4. This sample was recruited from residential addresses not selected for Wave 1 in the same sampled Primary Sampling Unit (PSU)s and segments using similar within-household sampling procedures. This "replenishment sample" was combined for estimation and analysis purposes with Wave 4 adult and youth respondents from the Wave 1 Cohort who were in the civilian, noninstitutionalized population at the time of Wave 4. This combined set of Wave 4 participants, 52,731 participants in total, forms the Wave 4 Cohort. Please refer to the Restricted-Use Files User Guide that provides further details about children designated as "shadow youth" and the formation of the Wave 1 and Wave 4 Cohorts. Dataset 0002 (DS0002) contains the data from the State Design Data. This file contains 7 variables and 67,276 cases. The state identifier in the State Design file reflects the participant's state of residence at the time of selection and recruitment for the PATH Study. Dataset 1011 (DS1011) contains the data from the Wave 1 Adult Questionnaire. This data file contains 2,021 variables and 32,320 cases. Each of the cases represents a single, completed interview. Dataset 1012 (DS1012) contains the data from the Wave 1 Youth and Parent Questionnaire. This file contains 1,431 variables and 13,651 cases. Dataset 1411 (DS1411) contains the Wave 1 State Identifier data for Adults and has 5 variables and 32,320 cases. Dataset 1412 (DS1412) contains the Wave 1 State Identifier data for Youth (and Parents) and has 5 variables and 13,651 cases. The same 5 variables are in each State Identifier dataset, including PERSONID for linking the State Identifier to the questionnaire and biomarker data and 3 variables designating the state (state Federal Information Processing System (FIPS), state abbreviation, and full name of the state). The State Identifier values in these datasets represent participants' state of residence at the time of Wave 1, which is also their state of residence at the time of recruitment. Dataset 1611 (DS1611) contains the Tobacco Universal Product Code (UPC) data from Wave 1. This data file contains 32 variables and 8,601 cases. This file contains UPC values on the packages of tobacco products used or in the possession of adult respondents at the time of Wave 1. The UPC values can be used to identify and validate the specific products used by respondents and augment the analyses of the characteristics of tobacco products used by these respondents at the time of Wave 1. Dataset 1901 (DS1901) contains Study Research Derived Variables for Wave 1 Adults created by PATH Study analysts. This data file contains 104 variables and 32,320 cases.Dataset 1902 (DS1902) contains Study Research Derived Variables for Wave 1 Youth created by PATH Study analysts. this data file contains 89 variables and 13,651 cases. Dataset 2011 (DS2011) contains the data from the Wave 2 Adult Questionnaire. This data file contains 2,421 variables and 28,362 cases. Of these cases, 26,447 also completed a Wave 1 Adult Questionnaire. The other 1,915 cases are "aged-up adults" having previously completed a Wave 1 Youth Questionnaire.Dataset 2012 (DS2012) contains the data from the Wave 2 Youth and Parent Questionnaire. This data file contains 1,596 variables and 12,172 cases. Of these cases, 10,081 also completed a Wave 1 Youth Questionnaire. The other 2,091 cases are "aged-up youth" having previously been sampled as "shadow youth." Dataset 2411 (DS2411) contains the Wave 2 State Identifier data for Adults and has 5 variables and 28,362 cases. Dataset 2412 (DS2412) contains the Wave 2 State Identifier data for Youth and Parents and has 5 variables and 12,172 cases. The same 5 variables are in each State Identifier dataset, including PERSONID for linking the State Identifier to the questionnaire and biomarker data and 3 variables designating the state (state FIPS, state abbreviation, and full name of the state). The State Identifier values in these datasets represent participants' state of residence at the time of Wave 2. Dataset 2611 (DS2611) contains the Tobacco Universal Product Code (UPC) data from Wave 2. This data file contains 32 variables and 7,295 cases. This file contains UPC values on the packages of tobacco products used or in the possession of adult respondents at the time of Wave 2. The UPC values can be used to identify and validate the specific products used by respondents and augment the analyses of the characteristics of tobacco products used by these respondents at the time of Wave 2.Dataset 2901 (DS2901) contains Study Research Derived Variables for Wave 2 Adults created by PATH Study analysts. This data file contains 178 variables and 28,362 cases.Dataset 2902 (DS2902) contains Study Research Derived Variables for Wave 2 Youth created by PATH Study analysts. This data file contains 123 variables and 12,172 cases. Dataset 3011 (DS3011) contains the data from the Wave 3 Adult Questionnaire. This data file contains 2,359 variables and 28,148 cases. Of these cases, 26,241 are continuing adults having completed a prior Adult Questionnaire. The other 1,907 cases are "aged-up adults" having previously completed a Youth Questionnaire. Dataset 3012 (DS3012) contains the data from the Wave 3 Youth and Parent Questionnaire. This data file contains 1,492 variables and 11,814 cases. Of these cases, 9,769 are continuing youth having completed a prior Youth Interview. The other 2,045 cases are "aged-up youth" having previously been sampled as "shadow youth." Datasets 3111, 3211, 3112, and 3212 (DS3111, DS3211, DS3112, and DS3212) are data files comprising the weight variables for Wave 3. The weight variables for Wave 1 and Wave 2 are included in the main data files. However, starting with Wave 3, the weight variables have been separated into individual data files. The "all-waves" weight files contain weights for respondents who completed an interview for all waves in which they were old enough to do so or verified their information with the study for waves in which they were not old enough to be interviewed. The "single-wave" weight files contain weights for all respondents in Wave 3 regardless of their participation in previous waves.Dataset 3503 (DS3503) contains data derived from responses to Wave 1-3 questionnaires indicating if participants had ever/never used various tobacco products as of the Wave 3 study period. This data file contains 25 variables for all 53,178 study participants as of Wave 3. This file is provided for reference only to simplify the definitions of tobacco use variables in the Adult and Youth data files for subsequent waves. Dataset 3411 (DS3411) contains the Wave 3 State Identifier data for Adults and has 5 variables and 28,148 cases. Dataset 3412 (DS3412) contains the Wave 3 State Identifier data for Youth and Parents and has 5 variables and 11,814 cases. The same 5 variables are in each State Identifier dataset, including PERSONID for linking the State Identifier to the questionnaire and biomarker data and 3 variables designating the state (state FIPS, state abbreviation, and full name of the state). The State Identifier values in these datasets represent participants' state of residence at the time of Wave 3. Dataset 3611 (DS3611) contains the Tobacco Universal Product Code (UPC) data from Wave 3. This data file contains 32 variables and 6,768 cases. This file contains UPC values on the packages of tobacco products used or in the possession of adult respondents at the time of Wave 3. The UPC values can be used to identify and validate the specific products used by respondents and augment the analyses of the characteristics of tobacco products used by these respondents at the time of Wave 3.Dataset 3901 (DS3901) contains Study Research Derived Variables for Wave 3 Adults created by PATH Study analysts. This data file contains 107 variables and 28,148 cases.Dataset 3902 (DS3902) contains Study Research Derived Variables for Wave 3 Youth created by PATH Study analysts. This data file contains 88 variables and 11,814 cases. Dataset 4001 (DS4001) contains the data from the Wave 4 Adult Questionnaire. This data file contains 2,504 variables and 33,822 cases. Of these cases, 25,857 are continuing adults having completed a prior Adult questionnaire, 1,900 are "aged-up adults" having previously completed a Youth questionnaire, and 6,065 are "replenishment sample adults" (also known as "new cohort adults" in the annotated instrument). Dataset 4002 (DS4002) contains the data from the Wave 4 Youth and Parent Questionnaire. This data file contains 1,600 variables and 14,798 cases. Of these cases, 9,365 are continuing youth having completed a prior Youth interview, 1,694 cases are "aged-up youth" having previously been sampled as "shadow youth," and 3,739 are "replenishment sample youth" (also known as "new cohort youth" in the annotated instrument). Datasets 4111, 4211, 4321, 4112, 4212, and 4322 (DS4111, DS4211, DS4321, DS4112, DS4212, and DS4322) are data files comprising the weight variables for Wave 4. In Wave 4, the weight variables have been separated into individual data files corresponding to the Wave 1 and Wave 4 Cohorts and different weight types. The "all-waves" weight files contain weights for those Wave 1 Cohort respondents who completed an interview for all waves in which they were old enough or verified their information for waves in which they were not old enough to be interviewed. The "single-wave" weight files contain weights for Wave 1 Cohort respondents at Wave 4 who completed an interview at Wave 1, regardless of their participation in previous waves. The "cross-sectional" weight files contain weights for all respondents in the Wave 4 Cohort. Dataset 4401 (DS4401) contains the Wave 4 State Identifier data for Adults and has 5 variables and 33,822 cases. Dataset 4402 (DS4402) contains the Wave 4 State Identifier data for Youth and Parents and has 5 variables and 14,798 cases. The same 5 variables are in each State Identifier dataset, including PERSONID for linking the State Identifier to the questionnaire and biomarker data and 3 variables designating the state (state FIPS, state abbreviation, and full name of the state). The State Identifier values in these datasets represent participants' state of residence at the time of Wave 4. For adults and youth from the replenishment sample, the values also represent state of residence at the time of recruitment. Dataset 4503 (DS4503) contains data derived from responses to Wave 1-4 questionnaires, indicating if participants had ever/never used various tobacco products as of the Wave 4 data collection period. This data file contains 27 variables for all 67,276 study participants as of the Wave 4 data collection. This file is provided for reference only to simplify the definitions of tobacco use variables in the Adult and Youth data files for subsequent waves. Dataset 4601 (DS4601) contains the Tobacco Universal Product Code (UPC) data from Wave 4. This data file contains 32 variables and 7,684 cases. This file contains UPC values on the packages of tobacco products used or in the possession of adult respondents at the time of Wave 4. The UPC values can be used to identify and validate the specific products used by respondents and augment the analyses of the characteristics of tobacco products used by these respondents at the time of Wave 4. Dataset 5001 (DS5001) contains the data from the Wave 5 Adult Questionnaire. This data file contains 2,606 variables and 34,309 cases. Of these cases, 29,876 are continuing adults having completed a prior Adult questionnaire and 4,433 are "aged-up adults" having previously completed a Youth questionnaire. Dataset 5002 (DS5002) contains the data from the Wave 5 Youth and Parent Questionnaire. This data file contains 1,776 variables and 12,098 cases. Of these cases, 10,446 are continuing youth having completed a prior Youth interview and 1,652 cases are "aged-up youth" having previously been sampled as "shadow youth." Datasets 5111, 5112, 5211, 5212, 5221, 5222, 5711, 5712, 5721, and 5722 (DS5111, DS5112, DS5211, DS5212, DS5221, DS5222, DS5711, DS5712, DS5721, and DS5722) are data files comprising the weight variables for Wave 5. In Wave 5, the weight variables are in individual data files corresponding to the Wave 1 and Wave 4 Cohorts and different weight types. The "all-waves" weight files contain weights for those Wave 1 Cohort participants who completed a Wave 5 interview and completed interviews (if old enough to do so) or verified their information (if not old enough to be interviewed) in Waves 1, 2, 3, and 4.There are two separate sets of files with "single wave" weights: one for the Wave 1 Cohort and one for the Wave 4 Cohort. The "single-wave" weight files for the Wave 1 Cohort contain weights for participants who completed an interview in Wave 1 and in Wave 5, regardless of their participation in the intervening waves. The "single-wave" weight files for the Wave 4 Cohort contain weights for all Wave 5 interview respondents in the Wave 4 Cohort.There are also two separate sets of files with "special collection all-waves" weights: one for the Wave 1 Cohort and one for the Wave 4 Cohort. The "special collection all-waves" weight files for the Wave 1 Cohort contain weights for participants who completed a Wave 5 interview and completed interviews (if old enough to do so) or verified their information (if not old enough to be interviewed) in Waves 1, 2, 3, 4, and the special collection in Wave 4.5. The "special collection all-waves" weight files for the Wave 4 Cohort contain weights for participants who completed a Wave 5 interview and completed interviews (if old enough to do so) or verified their information (if not old enough to be interviewed) in Wave 4 and the special collection in Wave 4.5. Dataset 5401 (DS5401) contains the Wave 5 State Identifier data for Adults and has 5 variables and 34,309 cases. Dataset 5402 (DS5402) contains the Wave 5 State Identifier data for Youth and Parents, and has 5 variables and 12,098 cases. The same 5 variables are in each State Identifier dataset, including PERSONID for linking the State Identifier to the questionnaire and biomarker data and 3 variables designating the state (state FIPS, state abbreviation, and full name of the state). The State Identifier values in these datasets represent participants' state of residence at the time of Wave 5. Dataset 5503 (DS5503) contains data derived from responses to Wave 1-5 (including Wave 4.5) questionnaires indicating if participants had ever/never used various tobacco products as of the Wave 5 data collection period. This data file contains 26 variables for all 67,276 study participants as of the Wave 5 data collection. This file is provided for reference only to simplify the definitions of tobacco use variables in the Adult and Youth data files for subsequent waves. Dataset 5601 (DS5601) contains the Tobacco Universal Product Code (UPC) data from Wave 5. This data file contains 33 variables and 6,678 cases. This file contains UPC values on the packages of tobacco products used or in the possession of adult respondents at the time of Wave 5. The UPC values can be used to identify and validate the specific products used by respondents and augment the analyses of the characteristics of tobacco products used by these respondents at the time of Wave 5.Dataset 6001 (DS6001) contains the data from the Wave 6 Adult Questionnaire. This data file contains 2,935 variables and 30,516 casesOf these cases, 28,852 are continuing adults having completed a prior Adult questionnaire and 1,664 are "aged-up adults" having previously completed a Youth questionnaire.Dataset 6002 (DS6002) contains the data from the Wave 6 Youth and Parent Questionnaire. this data file contains 2,080 variables and 5,652 cases. Of these cases, 5,622 are continuing youth having completed a prior Youth interview and 60 cases are "aged-up youth" having previously been sampled as "shadow youth."Datasets 6111, 6112, 6121, 6122, 6211, 6212, 6221, 6222, 6711, 6712, 6721, and 6722 (DS6111, DS6112, DS6121, DS6122, DS6211, DS6212, DS62221, DS6222, DS6711, DS6712, DS6721, and DS6722) are data files comprising the weight variables for Wave 6. In Wave 6, the weight variables are in individual data files corresponding to the Wave 1 and Wave 4 Cohorts and different weight types. There are two separate sets of files with "all-waves" weights: one for the Wave 1 Cohort and one of the Wave 4 Cohort. The "all-waves" weight files for the Wave 1 Cohort contain weights for participants who completed a Wave 6 interview and completed interviews (if old enough to do so) or verified their information (if not old enough to be interviewed) in Waves 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. The "all-waves" weight files for the Wave 4 Cohort contain weights for participants who completed a Wave 6 interview and completed interviews (if old enough to do so) or verified their information (if not old enough to be interviewed) in Waves 4 and 5.There are two separate sets of files with "single-wave" weights: one for the Wave 1 Cohort and one for the Wave 4 Cohort. The "single-wave" weight files for the Wave 1 Cohort contain weights for participants who completed an interview in Wave 1 and in Wave 6, regardless of their participation in the intervening waves. The "single-wave" weight files for the Wave 4 Cohort contain weights for participants who completed an interview in Wave 4 and in Wave 6, regardless of their participation in the intervening wavesThere are also two separate sets of files with "special collection all-waves" weights: one for the Wave 1 Cohort and one for the Wave 4 Cohort. The "special collection all-waves" weight files for the Wave 1 Cohort contain weights for participants who completed a Wave 6 interview and completed interviews (if old enough to do so) or verified their information (if not old enough to be interviewed) in Waves 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and the special collections in Wave 4.5, and Wave 5.5 or PATH-ATS. The "special collection all-waves" weight files for the Wave 4 Cohort contain weights for participants who completed a Wave 6 interview and completed interviews (if old enough to do so) or verified their information (if not old enough to be interviewed) in Waves 4 and 5, and the special collections in Wave 4.5, and Wave 5.5 or PATH-ATS.Dataset 6401 (DS6401) contains the Wave 6 State Identifier data for Adults and has 5 variables and 30,516 cases. Dataset 6402 (DS6402) contains the Wave 6 State Identifier data for Youth and Parents, and has 5 variables and 5,652 cases. The same 5 variables are in each State Identifier dataset, including PERSONID for linking the State Identifier to the questionnaire and biomarker data and 3 variables designating the state (state FIPS, state abbreviation, and full name of the state). The State Identifier values in these datasets represent participants' state of residence at the time of Wave 6.Dataset 6601 (DS6601) contains the Tobacco Universal Product Code (UPC) data from Wave 6. This data file contains 53 variables and 5,408 cases. This file contains UPC values on the packages of tobacco products used or in the possession of adult respondents at the time of Wave 6. The UPC values can be used to identify and validate the specific products used by respondents and augment the analyses of the characteristics of tobacco products used by these respondents at the time of Wave 6. Each case in an Adult data file represents a single, completed interview. Each case in a Youth data file represents one youth and his or her parent's responses about that youth. Parents who provided permission for their child to participate in a Youth interview were asked to complete a brief interview about their child. In both waves of data collection, less than 0.5 percent of the parents did not complete an interview. Most questions are asked about the child. When multiple youth from the same household were selected to be in the study, the parent(s) completed separate interviews about each youth. If one parent completed two or more interviews, that parent only answered questions about himself/herself once. Those questions were then skipped in the subsequent interview(s) for the other child(ren) and the responses duplicated in that child(ren)'s data file(s). audio computer-assisted self interview (ACASI); computer-assisted personal interview (CAPI); computer-assisted telephone interview (CATI)Data are provided via ICPSR's Virtual Data Enclave (VDE) where researchers will work with data stored on secure ICPSR servers. Researchers will not possess actual physical copies of the data; however, they may request permission to access selected output outside the virtual environment after review by ICPSR. See the Access Notes to apply for access. Researchers are also encouraged to read the VDE Guide.The data files contain person-level (PERSONID) and household-level identification (R0#_HHID) variables allowing linkage of people within a file, between Adult and Youth/Parent files, and across waves of data collection. The values in these two variables are random and contain no direct or indirect personally identifiable information. Please review Appendix D in the Restricted-Use Files User Guide for information and programming code on linking files together. The files are sorted by the variable PERSONID.ICPSR attempted to duplicate all information contained in the questionnaires into the question text used in the codebooks. Some of the longer programming instructions were not incorporated into the question text. In these cases, the question text includes a note for the user to read the full programming instructions in the corresponding section of the questionnaire. Derived and imputed variables contain the algorithms used in the creation of these variables. Users are advised to refer to the Restricted-Use Files User Guide and annotated questionnaires when reviewing the codebooks.Some variables were withheld to limit the release of information that is a potential risk for disclosure. These variables are listed in Appendix C in the Restricted-Use Files User Guide.The Youth Interview and Parent Interview questionnaires were distinct and separate questionnaires used in data collection. However, for each wave, both instruments have been combined into a single document since the responses to these instruments are also combined into a single data file.Both the Adult and Youth questionnaires in each wave include several questions about tobacco brands and products the respondent usually uses and most recently used. For each question, a list of response options was displayed on the computer screen for the respondent to select. For many major brands and products, the displayed list included both a text label and a thumbnail image of the brand logo or product package. The displayed list was different for each of the tobacco product types with the brands and products listed being those that were known to exist for the specific tobacco product type. Because these lists are long, they are not provided in a frequency table for each variable in the codebook or in the annotated instrument. For convenience, both the Adult and Youth/Parent codebooks contain an appendix with a frequency table of the top 20 responses for each variable. The PATH Study Master Tobacco Brand and Product Code Guide is available as an Excel workbook file [Documentation.xlsx (Tobacco_Brand)]. The spreadsheets in this Excel workbook file are protected and may not be edited. However, the last spreadsheet contains filters to narrow the complete list. This spreadsheet is the master file of all brand and product responses for these questions from all waves, including any responses that were not in the list of options displayed to the respondent.The PATH Study Adult Variable Crosswalk and the PATH Study Youth Variable Crosswalk are also available as Excel workbook files. The spreadsheets in these Excel workbook files are protected and may not be edited. These crosswalk files are auxiliary files that can be used in conjunction with the annotated instruments and codebooks to quickly compare content across waves. The crosswalk files link questions across waves for each respective instrument so that users can easily identify the number of waves or time points at which data for specific questions are available for analyses.In the Wave 1 and Wave 2 Youth/Parent files, the last section of the questionnaire contains demographic and health history questions. A few of the questions were asked of all youth. However, most questions were only asked of emancipated youth. The responses to these questions for non-emancipated youth were coded as "Inapplicable". The questionnaire and codebook note which variables were asked only of emancipated youth. Conversely, in the Parent Interview section the same questions were asked of parents of all sampled youth except for the emancipated youth. In this section the cases for emancipated youth were coded as "Inapplicable". There are a small number of emancipated youth in Waves 3 and 4, but there are no individual questions asked exclusively of emancipated youth.In both the Adult and Youth/Parent data files, several groups of variables contain the word "RANDOM" in both the variable name and label. This indicates computerized randomization of the question order. These "RANDOM" variables detail the order in which the questions were asked of a particular respondent.The Wave 1 data files contain 20 variable triplets pertaining to tobacco advertising. The computer randomly selected 20 advertisements and then asked the respondents whether they had seen the ad and whether they liked the ad. The Image ID variable (_AD) identifies the advertisement that was displayed to the respondent to characterize the ad, e.g., the tobacco product and brand. However, vendors did not grant permission to publicly release the actual .jpg and .bmp files containing the images seen by respondents.Derived and imputed (if present) demographic variables (age, sex, Hispanic ethnicity, and race) are included near the end of the data file. An accompanying imputation flag variable is also included. These variables are distinguished by the variable name starting with "R0#R" and contain the word "DERIVED" or "IMPUTED" in the variable label. Imputed variables are only available on the Wave 1 and Wave 4 data files.Within the "Derived and Imputed Variables" section of the codebooks of the Adult and Youth/Parent files for Wave 1 and Wave 4 only are two geographic variables - Census Region and Census Division. For Wave 1 there are additional variables to designate urban areas and Census Block characteristics.All Adult and Youth/Parent data files contain additional derived variables. These variables can be distinguished by the variable name starting with "R0#R" and contain the word "DERIVED" in the variable label. There are several variables for each tobacco category to identify certain classes of current and former tobacco users.The Study Research Derived Variables Restricted Use Files (SRDV-RUF) are a set of auxiliary files that provide some derived variables used in tables, published papers, presentations, and other analyses that have been made public by the PATH Study through May 31,2020. The objective of the SRDV-RUF is to provide access to these derived variables for use by other researchers. The SRDV-RUF for each wave consists of two data files: one for adults and one for youth. The adult SRDV-RUF has one record for every adult interview completed in the given wave, and the youth SRDV-RUF has one record for every youth interview completed in the given wave. Each file includes a set of variables with complex derivations. For example, some variables include assumptions about the meaning of skip patterns, and others involve combining the data into standardized indexes. In addition, an SRDV-RUF Supplement is also available. The Supplement (Excel) includes descriptions and algorithms for additional derived variables used for research purposes by the PATH Study but not included in the SRDV-RUF data files. It also includes citations for published works in which these derived variables were used. The derived variables are linked to citations using ArticleID, which is present in both the codebooks and the SRDV-RUF Supplement. This Supplement is available for reference so that researchers may use the algorithms to derive variables for their own purposes. SRDV-RUF data are available for Waves 1, 2, and 3.In accordance with the study's informed consent, information is suppressed about individuals who withdrew from the PATH Study. Their information was recoded to a special missing value, designated as -97777.Consent forms provided to and signed by the respondents for the various types of interviews conducted and biological samples collected are included with Wave 1 and Wave 4 files (Informed Consent forms used for Wave 1 and the Wave 4 Informed Consent form is provided with the Wave 4 files). Participants provide consent at their initial interview and biological sample collection; consents remain in effect for all subsequent waves. Aged-up adults who responded to a Youth interview in a previous wave are re-consented as an adult at the time of their first interview. The Nonresponse Bias Analysis Report for Wave 1 details the response rates and the potential for bias from nonresponse. There are also Nonresponse Bias Analysis Reports for Wave 2, Wave 3, Wave 4, Wave 5, and Wave 6The Informed Consent Document and Nonresponse Bias Analysis Reports are specific to each wave. The same files are available as documentation for both the Adult and Youth/Parent data.The questionnaires in this collection are updated versions of the fielded questionnaires that were annotated for analytic purposes. Spanish versions are also available.The PATH Study's documentation is available for your use and may be reproduced in whole or in part without permission from NIH's National Institute on Drug Abuse or FDA's Center for Tobacco Products. Citation of the source is appreciated.Additional background information including answers to frequently asked questions for study participants and researchers can be found in the Researchers section of the PATH Study Series page.The Restricted-Use Files User Guide provides an overview of the entire PATH Study. The guide covers topics such as sample design, data collection, weighting, response rates, analytic considerations, and programming syntax to run common statistics and link the files together. Researchers should feel free to use the information in the User Guide for their publication and the guide should be cited as follows: United States Department of Health and Human Services. National Institutes of Health. National Institute on Drug Abuse, and United States Department of Health and Human Services. Food and Drug Administration. Center for Tobacco Products. Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study [United States] Restricted-Use Files, User Guide. ICPSR36231-v21 Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor], 2021-01-08. http://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR36231.userguide The data for the PATH Study was collected and prepared by Westat. The contract number under which they performed their work for Waves 1 through 3 is HHSN271201100027C. Work for Waves 4, 5, and 6 was performed under contract number HHSN271201600001C. Each data file for Wave 1 and Wave 2 contains weights for use in analyses of the data from the complex PATH Study sample design. The final full-sample person-level weight for Waves 1 and 2 on the Adult file is R0#_A_PWGT, and the final full-sample person-level weight for Waves 1 and 2 on the Youth / Parent file is R0#_Y_PWGT. The weights for Wave 3 are in two sets of files: The all-waves weights files are for participants who completed a Wave 3 interview and completed interviews (if old enough to do so) or verified their information with the study (if not old enough to be interviewed) in Wave 1 and in Wave 2. The Wave 3 all-waves weight is named R03_A_AWGT for adults and R03_Y_AWGT for youth. The single-wave weights files are for participants completing a Wave 3 interview regardless of their participation in previous waves. The Wave 3 single-wave weight is named R03_A_SWGT for adults and R03_Y_SWGT for youth. The weights for Wave 4 are in three sets of files corresponding to the Wave 1 and Wave 4 Cohorts and different weight types: The all-waves weights files are for Wave 1 Cohort participants who completed a Wave 4 interview (if old enough to do so) or verified their information (if not old enough to be interviewed) in Waves 1, 2, and 3. The Wave 4 all-waves weight for the Wave 1 Cohort is named R04_A_A01WGT for adults and R04_Y_A01WGT for youth. The single-wave weights files are for all Wave 1 Cohort respondents who completed interviews in Wave 1 and in Wave 4. The Wave 4 single-wave weight for the Wave 1 Cohort is named R04_A_S01WGT for adults and R04_Y_S01WGT for youth. The cross-sectional weights files are for all Wave 4 interview respondents in the Wave 4 Cohort. The Wave 4 cross-sectional weight for the Wave 4 Cohort is named R04_A_C04WGT for adults and R04_Y_C04WGT for youth. The weights for Wave 5 are in five sets of files corresponding to the Wave 1 and Wave 4 Cohorts and different weight types: The all-waves weights files are for Wave 1 Cohort participants who completed a Wave 5 interview and completed interviews (if old enough to do so) or verified their information (if not old enough to be interviewed) in Waves 1, 2, 3, and 4. The Wave 5 all-waves weight for the Wave 1 Cohort is named R05_A_A01WGT for adults and R05_Y_A01WGT for youth.The Wave 1 Cohort single-wave weights files are for all participants who completed an interview in Wave 1 and in Wave 5, regardless of their participation in the intervening waves. The Wave 5 single-wave weight for the Wave 1 Cohort is named R05_A_S01WGT for adults and R05_Y_S01WGT for youth.The Wave 4 Cohort single-wave weights files are for all Wave 5 interview respondents in the Wave 4 Cohort. The Wave 5 single-wave weight for the Wave 4 Cohort is named R05_A_S04WGT for adults and R05_Y_S04WGT for youth.The Wave 1 Cohort special collection all-waves weights files are for participants who completed a Wave 5 interview and completed interviews (if old enough to do so) or verified their information (if not old enough to be interviewed) in Waves 1, 2, 3, 4, and the special collection in Wave 4.5. The Wave 5 special collection all-waves weight for the Wave 1 Cohort is named R05_A_AX01WGT for adults and R05_Y_AX01WGT for youth.The Wave 4 Cohort special collection all-waves weights files are for participants who completed a Wave 5 interview and completed interviews (if old enough to do so) or verified their information (if not old enough to be interviewed) in Wave 4 and the special collection in Wave 4.5. The Wave 5 special collection all-waves weight for the Wave 4 Cohort is named R05_A_AX04WGT for adults and R05_Y_AX04WGT for youth.The weights for Wave 6 are in six sets of files corresponding to the Wave 1 and Wave 4 Cohorts and different weight types: The Wave 1 Cohort all-waves weights files are for participants who completed a Wave 6 interview and completed interviews (if old enough to do so) or verified their information (if not old enough to be interviewed) in Waves 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. The Wave 6 all-waves weight for the Wave 1 Cohort is named R06_A_A01WGT for adults and R06_Y_A01WGT for youth.The Wave 4 Cohort all-waves weights files are for participants who completed a Wave 6 interview and completed interviews (if old enough to do so) or verified their information (if not old enough to be interviewed) in Waves 4 and 5. The Wave 6 all-waves weight for the Wave 4 Cohort is named R06_A_A04WGT for adults and R06_Y_A04WGT for youth.The Wave 1 Cohort single-wave weights files are for all participants who completed an interview in Wave 1 and in Wave 6, regardless of their participation in the intervening waves. The Wave 6 single-wave weight for the Wave 1 Cohort is named R06_A_S01WGT for adults and R06_Y_S01WGT for youth.The Wave 4 Cohort single-wave weights files are for all Wave 6 interview respondents. The Wave 6 single-wave weight for the Wave 4 Cohort is named R06_A_S04WGT for adults and R06_Y_S04WGT for youth.The Wave 1 Cohort special collection all-waves weights files are for participants who completed a Wave 6 interview and completed interviews (if old enough to do so) or verified their information (if not old enough to be interviewed) in Waves 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and the special collections in Wave 4.5 and Wave 5.5 or PATH-ATS. The Wave 6 special collection all-waves weight for the Wave 1 Cohort is named R06_A_AX01WGT for adults and R06_Y_AX01WGT for youth.The Wave 4 Cohort special collection all-waves weights files are for participants who completed a Wave 6 interview and completed interviews (if old enough to do so) or verified their information (if not old enough to be interviewed) in Waves 4, 5, and the special collections in Wave 4.5 and Wave 5.5 or PATH-ATS. The Wave 6 special collection all-waves weight for the Wave 4 Cohort is named R06_A_AX04WGT for adults and R06_Y_AX04WGT for youth. For each weight mentioned above, there are also 100 replicate weights and design variables (VARPSU and VARSTRAT) for use in variance estimation. Detailed information on how these variables were created, and how and why they should be used is provided in the Restricted-Use Files User Guide.Note that the weighting procedures adjust for oversampling of specified population groups and nonresponse. ICPSR strongly recommends that researchers read and understand the sections pertaining to weights before analyzing the data to ensure correct use of these variables. Datasets: DS0: Study-Level Files DS6401: Wave 6: Adult State Identifier Data DS2: State Design Data DS6402: Wave 6: Youth / Parent State Identifier Data DS1411: Wave 1: Adult State Identifier Data DS1412: Wave 1: Youth / Parent State Identifier Data DS5001: Wave 5: Adult Questionnaire Data DS5002: Wave 5: Youth / Parent Questionnaire Data DS3211: Wave 3: Adult - Single-Wave Weights DS3212: Wave 3: Youth / Parent - Single-Wave Weights DS4111: Wave 4: Adult - Wave 1 Cohort All-Waves Weights DS4112: Wave 4: Youth / Parent - Wave 1 Cohort All-Waves Weights DS4503: Wave 4: All Participants - Ever/Never Reference Data DS5401: Wave 5: Adult State Identifier Data DS5402: Wave 5: Youth / Parent State Identifier Data DS3611: Wave 3: Tobacco Universal Product Code (UPC) Data DS4001: Wave 4: Adult Questionnaire Data DS4002: Wave 4: Youth / Parent Questionnaire Data DS3111: Wave 3: Adult - All-Waves Weights DS3112: Wave 3: Youth / Parent - All-Waves Weights DS3503: Wave 3: All Participants - Ever/Never Reference Data DS4401: Wave 4: Adult State Identifier Data DS4402: Wave 4: Youth / Parent State Identifier Data DS2611: Wave 2: Tobacco Universal Product Code (UPC) Data DS6711: Wave 6: Adult - Wave 1 Cohort Special Collection All-Waves Weights DS6712: Wave 6: Youth / Parent - Wave 1 Cohort Special Collection All-Waves Weights DS3901: Wave 3: Adult Study Research Derived Variables DS3902: Wave 3: Youth / Parent Study Research Derived Variables DS6721: Wave 6: Adult - Wave 4 Cohort Special Collection All-Waves Weights DS6722: Wave 6: Youth / Parent - Wave 4 Cohort Special Collection All-Waves Weights DS3011: Wave 3: Adult Questionnaire Data DS6211: Wave 6: Adult - Wave 1 Cohort Single-Wave Weights DS3012: Wave 3: Youth / Parent Questionnaire Data DS6212: Wave 6: Youth / Parent - Wave 1 Cohort Single-Wave Weights DS6601: Wave 6: Tobacco Universal Product (UPC) Data DS1611: Wave 1: Tobacco Universal Product Code (UPC) Data DS6221: Wave 6: Adult - Wave 4 Cohort Single-Wave Weights DS6222: Wave 6: Youth / Parent - Wave 4 Cohort Single-Wave Weights DS5711: Wave 5: Adult - Wave 1 Cohort Special Collection All-Waves Weights DS5712: Wave 5: Youth / Parent - Wave 1 Cohort Special Collection All-Waves Weights DS3411: Wave 3: Adult State Identifier Data DS3412: Wave 3: Youth / Parent State Identifier Data DS2901: Wave 2: Adult Study Research Derived Variables DS2902: Wave 2: Youth / Parent Study Research Derived Variables DS5721: Wave 5: Adult - Wave 4 Cohort Special Collection All-Waves Weights DS5722: Wave 5: Youth / Parent - Wave 4 Cohort Special Collection All-Waves Weights DS5211: Wave 5: Adult - Wave 1 Cohort Single-Wave Weights DS2011: Wave 2: Adult Questionnaire Data with Weights DS5212: Wave 5: Youth / Parent - Wave 1 Cohort Single-Wave Weights DS2012: Wave 2: Youth / Parent Questionnaire Data with Weights DS6111: Wave 6: Adult - Wave 1 Cohort All-Waves Weights DS6112: Wave 6: Youth / Parent - Wave 1 Cohort All-Waves Weights DS5601: Wave 5: Tobacco Universal Product (UPC) Data DS4321: Wave 4: Adult - Wave 4 Cohort Cross-Sectional Weights DS4322: Wave 4: Youth / Parent - Wave 4 Cohort Cross-Sectional Weights DS5221: Wave 5: Adult - Wave 4 Cohort Single-Wave Weights DS5222: Wave 5: Youth / Parent - Wave 4 Cohort Single-Wave Weights DS6121: Wave 6: Adult - Wave 4 Cohort All-Waves Weights DS6122: Wave 6: Youth / Parent - Wave 4 Cohort All-Waves Weights DS2411: Wave 2: Adult State Identifier Data DS2412: Wave 2: Youth / Parent State Identifier Data DS1901: Wave 1: Adult Study Research Derived Variables DS1902: Wave 1: Youth / Parent Study Research Derived Variables DS6001: Wave 6: Adult Questionnaire Data DS6002: Wave 6: Youth / Parent Questionnaire Data DS1011: Wave 1: Adult Questionnaire Data with Weights DS4211: Wave 4: Adult - Wave 1 Cohort Single-Wave Weights DS4212: Wave 4: Youth / Parent - Wave 1 Cohort Single-Wave Weights DS1012: Wave 1: Youth / Parent Questionnaire Data with Weights DS5111: Wave 5: Adult - Wave 1 Cohort All-Waves Weights DS5112: Wave 5: Youth / Parent - Wave 1 Cohort All-Waves Weights DS4601: Wave 4: Tobacco Universal Product Code (UPC) Data DS5503: Wave 5: All Participants - Ever/Never Reference Data At Wave 1, the study sampled over 150,000 mailing addresses which, using a four-staged stratified sampling design, yielded a sample of 45,971 respondents (32,320 adults / 13,651 youth) who completed a Wave 1 interview. Tobacco users and non-users who were at least 9 years old living in a civilian, non-institutionalized setting were considered for participation during Wave 1. Youth who turn 18 by the next wave of data collection are considered "aged-up adults" and are invited to complete the Adult Interview. Additionally, 7,207 "shadow youth" (youth ages 9 to 11 sampled at Wave 1) are considered "aged-up youth" upon turning 12 years old when they are asked to join the study. These 53,178 participants form the Wave 1 Cohort. At Wave 4, a probability sample of 14,098 adults, youth, and shadow youth ages 10 to 11 was selected from the civilian, noninstitutionalized population at the time of Wave 4. This sample was recruited from close to 174,000 mailing addresses not selected for Wave 1, in the same sampled PSUs and segments using similar within-household sampling procedures. To meet the needs for the Wave 4 Cohort shadow sample, a randomly selected subset of the sampled addresses (115,500 or close to two-thirds of the addresses) were screened solely to identify shadow youth ages 10 to 11. The remaining addresses (close to 58,500) were screened for adults, youth, and shadow youth ages 10 to 11. These are referred to as the "SO" (shadow youth only) and "AYS" (adults, youth, and shadow youth) replenishment samples, respectively. This replenishment sample was combined for estimation and analysis purposes with Wave 4 adult and youth respondents from the Wave 1 Cohort who were in the civilian, noninstitutionalized population at the time of Wave 4. This combined set of Wave 4 participants, 52,731 participants in total, forms the Wave 4 Cohort. The Adult files contain a single record for every adult who completed an interview in the wave. The Youth/Parent files contain a single record of every youth who completed an interview in a given wave. Parents who provided permission for their child to complete a Youth Interview were asked to complete a brief Parent Interview that contained questions about parental supervision, school performance, and tobacco use by youth. The Parent Interview is primarily an interview about the child(ren), not the parent. Almost all youth respondents had a parent or guardian complete the Parent Interview (over 99.0 percent). When multiple youth from the same household were selected to be in the study, the parent(s) completed separate interviews about each youth. If one parent completed multiple interviews, then questions asked about him or her were only asked once and skipped in the other interview(s). The parent's responses were then duplicated for the other child or children.All data were collected through in-person interviews in Waves 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. For the continued safety of PATH Study participants and interviewers during the COVID-19 pandemic, data collection for Wave 6 began with telephone interviews only. As conditions improved in certain parts of the country, the PATH Study began in-person interviews with participants on May 7, 2021. All in-person contacts with participants were conducted in compliance with local and state restrictions for COVID-19 mitigation. Wave 6 data were collected with a mix of telephone and in-person interviews. A $2 incentive was mailed to all addresses sampled at Wave 1 and Wave 4 prior to screening. Adult respondents were paid $35 for their participation in Wave 1, Wave 2, Wave 3, and Wave 4. In Wave 5, adult respondents were paid $50 for their participation. In Wave 1, Wave 2, Wave 3, and Wave 4, youth were paid $25 to complete the Youth Interview, and their parents were given $10 for each Parent Interview. In Wave 5, youth were paid $35 to complete the Youth Interview, and their parents were given $15 for each Parent Interview. The Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study is a nationally representative longitudinal cohort study on tobacco use behavior, attitudes and beliefs, and tobacco-related health outcomes among adults and youth in the United States. The study's primary objectives are to: Objective 1: Identify and explain between-person differences and within-person changes in tobacco-use patterns, including the rate and length of use by specific product type and brand, product/brand switching over time, uptake of new products, and dual- and poly-use of tobacco products (i.e., use of multiple products within the same time period and switching between multiple products). Objective 2: Identify between-person differences and within-person changes in risk perceptions regarding harmful and potentially harmful constituents, new and emerging tobacco products, filters and other design features of tobacco products, packaging, and labeling; and identify other factors that may affect use, such as social influences and individual preferences. Objective 3: Characterize the natural history of tobacco dependence, cessation, and relapse, including readiness and self-efficacy to quit, motivations for quitting, the number and length of quit attempts, and the length of abstinence related to various tobacco products. Objective 4: Update the comprehensive baseline and subsequent waves of data on tobacco-use behaviors and related health conditions, including markers of exposure and tobacco-related disease processes identified from the collection and analysis of biospecimens, to assess between-person differences and within-person changes over time in health conditions potentially related to tobacco use, particularly with use of new and different tobacco products, including modified-risk tobacco products. Objective 5: Assess associations between TCA-specific actions and tobacco-product use, risk perceptions and attitudes, use patterns, cessation outcomes, and tobacco-related intermediate endpoints (e.g., biomarkers of exposure and biomarkers related to disease). Analyses will attempt to account for other potential factors, such as demographics, local tobacco-control policies, and social, familial, and economic factors, that may influence the observed patterns. Objective 6: Assess between-person differences and within-person changes over time in attitudes, behaviors, exposure to tobacco products, and related biomarkers among and within population sub-groups identified by such characteristics as race-ethnicity, gender, and/or age, or by risk factors, such as pregnancy or co-occurring substance use or mental health disorders. Objective 7: To the extent to which sample sizes are sufficient, assess and compare samples of former and never users of tobacco products for between-person differences and within-person changes in relapse and uptake, risk perceptions, and indicators of tobacco exposure and disease processes. Objective 8: Use data from the PATH Study's baseline and follow-up waves on tobacco-use behaviors, attitudes, and related health conditions, including potential markers of exposure and related disease processes identified from the analysis of biospecimens, to screen and subsample respondents for participation in formative and/or nested studies conducted during and after the PATH Study's waves of data and biospecimen collection. Response Rates: The weighted response rates for the Wave 1 Cohort of the PATH Study are shown below. The Wave 1 interview rates are conditional on completion of the Wave 1 screener. The response rates for Waves 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 are conditional on Wave 1 participation. Wave 1 Household screener: 54.0 percent Wave 1 Adult Interview: 74.0 percent Wave 1 Youth Interview: 78.4 percent Wave 2 Adult Interview: 83.2 percent Wave 2 Youth Interview: 87.3 percent Wave 3 Adult Interview: 78.4 percent Wave 3 Youth Interview: 83.3 percent Wave 4 Adult Interview: 73.5 percent Wave 4 Youth Interview: 79.5 percent Wave 5 Adult Interview: 69.4 percent Wave 5 Youth Interview: 72.3 percent Wave 6 Adult Interview: 57.5 percent Wave 6 Youth Interview: 56.6 percent The weighted response rates for the adults and youth in the Wave 4 replenishment sample are shown below. The Wave 4 interview rates for the adults and youth in this sample are conditional on completion of the Wave 4 screener. Wave 4 Household screener (for households in which youth and adults were recruited): 52.8 percent Wave 4 Adult Interview: 68.0 percent Wave 4 Youth Interview: 70.6 percennt The weighted response rates for the Wave 4 Cohort of the PATH Study are shown below. The response rates for Wave 5 are conditional on interview response or shadow youth participation at Wave 4 (for replenishment sample members selected as shadow youth). Wave 5 Adult Interview: 88.0 percent Wave 5 Youth Interview: 83.5 percent Wave 6 Adult Interview: 73.5 percent Wave 6 Youth Interview: 63.6 percent Please consult the Restricted-Use Files User Guide for further information regarding response rates. In Wave 1, Wave 2, Wave 3, Wave 4, Wave 5, and Wave 6 adults and youth were asked about the following types of tobacco products: Cigarettes E-cigarettes/Electronic nicotine products Cigars (traditional, cigarillos, filtered) Pipe tobacco Hookah Smokeless tobacco (snus pouches and other forms of smokeless tobacco) Dissolvable tobacco Bidis and kreteks (youth only)IQOS (starting in Wave 6) Although each section on tobacco products has some unique questions, most questions fit into one of the following categories: Ever use Recency of use Frequency of use Amount of use Brands used Purchase details Use of flavored products Harm and addictiveness Reasons for use Additional topics, in at least one wave, include: Poly use Nicotine dependence Packaging and health warnings Risk and harm perceptions Secondhand smoke exposure Marketing and advertising Media use Demographics Health Psychosocial and mental health Substance use Cessation Social norms Peer and family influences COVID-19 Most questions asked in the questionnaires are categorical. Other questions ask, for example, the age at which something occurred or the person's body measurements. Responses to these questions are numerical. A four-stage stratified area probability sample design was used in the PATH Study, with a two-phase design for sampling adults at the final stage. At the first stage, a stratified sample of geographical primary sampling units (PSUs) was selected, in which a PSU is a county or group of counties. For the second stage, within each selected PSU, smaller geographical segments were formed and then a sample of these segments was drawn. At the third stage, the sampling frame consisted of the residential addresses located in these segments. The fourth stage selected adults and youth from the sampled households identified at these addresses, with varying sampling rates for adults by age, race, and tobacco use status. Adults were sampled in two phases - Phase 1 sampling used information provided in the household screener and Phase 2 sampling used information provided by the adult in the Phase 2 screener at the beginning of the Adult instrument. Please consult the Restricted-Use Files User Guide for additional details about the sampling. Users and non-users of tobacco products in the civilian, non-institutionalized household population of the United States aged 9 and older at the time of Wave 1 (Wave 1 Cohort); Users and non-users of tobacco products in the civilian, non-institutionalized household population of the United States aged 10 and older at the time of Wave 4 (Wave 4 Cohort). Smallest Geographic Unit: Census Region; Census Division

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Assemblies of vertically connected neurons in the cerebral cortex form information processing units (columns) that participate in the distribution and segregation of sensory signals. Despite well-accepted models of columnar architecture, functional mechanisms of inter-laminar communication remain poorly understood. Hence, the purpose of the present investigation was to examine the effects of sensory information features on columnar response properties. Using acute recording techniques, extracellular response activity was collected from the right hemisphere of eight mature cats (felis catus). Recordings were conducted with multichannel electrodes that permitted the simultaneous acquisition of neuronal activity within primary auditory cortex columns. Neuronal responses to simple (pure tones), complex (noise burst and frequency modulated sweeps), and ecologically relevant (con-specific vocalizations) acoustic signals were measured. Collectively, the present investigation demonstrates that despite consistencies in neuronal tuning (characteristic frequency), irregularities in discharge activity between neurons of individual A1 columns increase as a function of spectral (signal complexity) and temporal (duration) acoustic variations. Multi-unit responses to acoustic signals within A1 columnsThe data set consists of eight multi-unit electrophysiology experiments located within a single .zip file. Acoustic feature (signal type and duration) are in subfolders where data rasters for each recording session conducted can be found. Columns represent time and rows trial number. Data is presented as Matlab files.DRYAD.zip

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Web Supplementary Files Web Supplementary File 1 - FASTA files containing full-length reconstruction input sequences: full_length_reconstruction_input_sequence_fastas.zip Web Supplementary File 2 - FASTA files containing Muscle alignments of the full-length reconstruction input sequences. full_length_reconstruction_input_sequence_alns.zip Web Supplementary File 3 - FASTA file of full-length reconstructed sequences: full_length_reconstructions.fa Web Supplementary File 4 - Table of full-length reconstruction statistics: full_length_reconstruction_stats.csv Web Supplementary File 5 - FASTA files containing ORF reconstruction input sequences: orf_fastas.zip Web Supplementary File 6 - FASTA files containing Macse alignments of the ORF reconstruction input sequences: ORF_reconstruction_input_sequence_alns.zip Web Supplementary File 7 - Table of ORF reconstruction statistics: ORF_reconstructions.fa Web Supplementary File 8 - Table of ORF reconstruction statistics: ORF_reconstruction_stats.csv Web Supplementary File 9 - Table of Composite Sequences: bestfl_selection_fixed_CS_seqs.csv Web Supplementary File 10 - Database of gold standards: L1_goldstandards.csv Data Underlying Figures RepeatMasker scans of hg38 and ancestral genomes: anc_gen_RM_out_files.zip Figure 4 4A Source alignment of 54 composite sequences: 220121_dropped12+L1ME3A_muscle.nt.afa Tree produced using the alignment and FastTree: 220121_dropped12+L1ME3A.tree 4B Source alignment of 67 Dfam L1 subfamily 3’ end models: 200123_dfam_3ends.fa.muscle.aln Tree produced using the alignment: 200123_dfam_3ends.fa.muscle.aln.tree Figure 5 KZFP-TE enrichment p-values (from Barazandeh et al 2018): TE_KZFP_enrichment_pvals.xlsx KZFP-TE top 500 peak overlap (from Barazandeh et al 2018): top500_peak_overlap.xlsx Figure 6 RepeatMasker .out file for the Composite Sequence custom library queried against hg38: CS_RM_hg38.fa.out.gz Figure S2 RepeatMasker scan .out file of hg38 (CG corrected Kimura Divergence values are in last column): hg38+KimDiv_RM.out RepeatMasker scan .out file of the Progressive Cactus eutherian ancestral genome (CG corrected Kimura Divergence values are in last column): Progressive_Cactus_Euth+KimDiv_RM.out RepeatMasker scan .out file of the Ancestors 1.1 eutherian ancestral genome (CG corrected Kimura Divergence values are in last column): Ancestors_Euth+KimDiv_RM.out Figure S5 RepeatMasker scan .out files for Progressive Cactus simian and primate reconstructed ancestral genomes: progCactus_RM_outfiles.zip S5A FASTA files containing Cactus genome-derived reconstructed sequences equivalent to the L1MA2, L1MA4, and L1MD1-3 best full-length sequences: progCactus_reconstruction_bestFL_equivalents.zip S5B FASTA files containing Muscle alignments of Cactus genome-derived full-length reconstruction input sequences: progCactus_reconstruction_input_sequence_alns.zip Figure S6 S6A Results of Conserved Domain scans of Cactus genome-derived full-length reconstructed sequences: CD_search_results_short_nms.txt S6B-D Character posterior probabilities of “best” full-length reconstructed sequences: best_fl_post_probs.zip Figure S7 S7B-C Results of Conserved Domain scans of translated initial full-length reconstructed sequences: initial_recons_all_3frametrans_CD-search.txt Results of Conserved Domain scans of translated reconstructed ORFs: recons_ORF1-2_all_3frametrans_CD-search.csv Figure S15 S15A Source alignment of 67 composite sequences: bestfl_selection_fixed_CS_seqs_muscle.nt.afa Tree produced using the alignment: bestfl_selection_fixed_CS_seqs_muscle.nt.afa.tree S15B-E Source Muscle alignments for phylogenetic trees of reconstructed sequence components: ORF2: ORF2_keep54_muscle.nt.afa 5’ UTR: 5utr_keep54_muscle.nt.afa ORF1: ORF1_keep54_muscle.nt.afa 3’ UTR: 3utr_keep54_muscle.nt.afa Trees produced using above alignments: ORF2: ORF2_keep54_muscle.nt.afa.tree 5’ UTR: 5utr_keep54_muscle.nt.afa.tree ORF1: ORF1_keep54_muscle.nt.afa.tree 3’ UTR: 3utr_keep54_muscle.nt.afa.tree Figure S17 Unfiltered BLAST results of Composite Sequences queried against hg38: CS_hg38_blastn.csv.zip BED file of L1 instances annotated using BLAST pipeline: BLAST_L1_hits.bed