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Abstract The purpose of this research was to investigate a landowner’s status as a lessor in land consolidation on agricultural areas in Europe. The research was based on surveys designed for land consolidation experts from Cyprus, Finland, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Latvia, Estonia and statistical data of the areas. The lease of agricultural land is common in Europe. However, there are differences related to how common the lease is and what the rental value of land is. The variation is based on factors such as differences in the markets, historical development of the agricultural lands and current legislation. The lessors have rights as landowners in land consolidation, but in case the land is used by third parties, lessor’s status is more limited compared to other landowners’. Similarly the costs of land consolidation typically are paid by landowners, not by users. The lessors are commonly indifferent and suspicious about the land consolidation. They are occasionally suspicious, especially before or at the beginning of the process, but later on they seem to be less suspicious. The lessors’ experience of land consolidation is based commonly on a fear of additional costs for their investment.

Abstract Geometrical accuracy of remote sensing data often is ensured by geometrical transforms based on Ground Control Points (GCPs). Manual selection of GCP is a time-consuming process, which requires some sort of automation. Therefore, the aim of this study is to present and evaluate methodology for easier, semi-automatic selection of ground control points for urban areas. Custom line scanning algorithm was implemented and applied to data in order to extract potential GCPs for an image analyst. The proposed method was tested for classical orthorectification and special object polygon transform. Results are convincing and show that in the test case semi-automatic methodology is able to correct locations of 70 % (thermal data) – 80 % (orthophoto images) of buildings. Geometrical transform for subimages of approximately 3 hectares with approximately 12 automatically found GCPs resulted in RSME approximately 1 meter with standard deviation of 1.2 meters.

Time series of earth observation based estimates of vegetation inform about variations in vegetation at the scale of Latvia. A vegetation index is an indicator that describes the amount of chlorophyll (the green mass) and shows the relative density and health of vegetation. NDVI index is an important variable for vegetation forecasting and management of various problems, such as climate change monitoring, energy usage monitoring, managing the consumption of natural resources, agricultural productivity monitoring, drought monitoring and forest fire detection. In this paper, we make a one-step-ahead prediction of 7-daily time series of NDVI index using Markov chains. The choice of a Markov chain is due to the fact that a Markov chain is a sequence of random variables where each variable is located in some state. And a Markov chain contains probabilities of moving from one state to other.

Abstract This paper focuses on the quantitative examination of the wage share in the countries of the EU from 2008 to 2012, applying a division of national economy by three main sectors. The aim of the paper is to investigate the effect of employment structure and its changes, and the changes of the wage share inside the sectors on the aggregate wage share and its alterations during a short-term period. The conducted research showed that the levels of the weighted wage share, corresponding to the employment structure, were: the lowest – in agriculture, the highest – in the service sector. Furthermore, the shift of the aggregate wage share was mostly affected by the decline in the primary and secondary sectors, which was generally based on the decrease of employed people. The results also displayed that in several countries the wage shares declined because of the reduction of the wages and salaries rather than value-added.

Abstract This paper presents a natural experiment of the spectral processing of 4.3 GHz Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave Radar (FMCWR) converted signal. The FMCWR antennas are fixed above a smooth reflective surface. The converted signal spectrum is theoretically calculated and compared with the experimental data.

Abstract The paper covers research findings on mussel farming and the analysis of current situation in mussel farming in the Baltic Sea. The mussel farming has a development potential in the Baltic Sea region. Some developers have chosen progressive activities to achieve the aim. For example, in Sweden the development of mussel farming is suggested as one of the instruments for reducing eutrophication. Several countries in the Baltic Sea region are in the beginning phase of the mariculture development. The following research methods were used in the research: studies of scientific publications, case studies and document studies on some important factors impeding the development of mussel farming in the Baltic Sea.

Remote sensing has been widely used to obtain land cover information using automated classification. Land cover is a measure of what is overlaying the surface of the earth. Accurate mapping of land cover on a regional scale is useful in such fields as precision agriculture or forest management and is one of the most important applications in remote sensing. In this study, multispectral MODIS Terra NDVI images and an artificial neural network (ANN) were used in land cover classification. Artificial neural network is a computing tool that is designed to simulate the way the human brain analyzes and process information. Artificial neural networks are one of the commonly applied machine learning algorithm, and they have become popular in the analysis of remotely sensed data, particularly in classification or feature extraction from image data more accurately than conventional method. This paper focuses on an automated classification system based on a pattern recognition neural network. Variational mode decomposition method is used as an image data pre-processing tool in this classification system. The result of this study will be land cover map.

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are equipped with video surveillance devices (video cameras, photo cameras, infrared cameras, thermal imagers, etc.). Small aerial vehicles are most often equipped with stationary video cameras. However, for large-scale filming it is necessary to provide rotation of the camera in one or several planes. This article covers different opportunities to film objects or area irrespective of the AV flight path. 

Promocijas darbā izstrādātā metode piedāvā alternatīvu risinājumu, kā apvienot metriskas robotu sastādītas kartes un kā rīkoties kļūdainas karšu apvienošanas gadījumā. Metode risina karšu apvienošanas problēmu gan lokālā (divu metrisku karšu apvienošana bez informācijas par to savstarpējo novietojumu), gan globālā (rezultāta pārbaude un karšu apvienošanas atgriezeniskums) līmenī.

Abstract In the concept of alternative tourism, the dynamic growth of cultural tourism can be explained by the fast growth of demand for trips to various cultural attractions and amenities. Alternative tourism is a form of tourism that is not well-known and promoted in our country, but which presents high economic development potential. Alternative tourism is based on the use of natural potentials and cultural heritage and encourages interaction with nature, people and community. Peja District is an important tourist destination in Kosovo especially in rural areas, which are popular and frequently visited by local visitors and tourists from the European Union. History, culture and tradition are the main sources of tourism development in Peja region. The position of extension, the protected environment, the fertile lands, etc. are the elements that identify the city of Peja as a tourist town, which is visited throughout the year by visitors from different countries. Such tourism will be just green, sensitive, progressive, harmonious, responsible, eco, community; all characteristics fall under the heading “alternative tourism”. The goal of the paper is to provide readers with knowledge about alternative tourism in Peja municipality.