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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Welch, Edward;
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Hyper Article en Lig...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Hyper Article en Ligne
    Other literature type . 1996
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Hyper Article en Lig...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      Other literature type . 1996
  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Baudry, C; de Cremoux, R; Chartier, C; Perrin, G;

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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Hyper Article en Lig...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    Other literature type . 1997
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    Other literature type . 1997
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Hyper Article en Lig...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Hyper Article en Ligne
      Other literature type . 1997
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Hal-Diderot
      Other literature type . 1997
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Koenig, Maxime; Cavalieri, André; Jordan, Peter; Delville, Joël; +3 Authors

    L'une des caractéristiques majeures du champ acoustique rayonné par un jet rond turbulent est la dépendance angulaire de son spectre de puissance acoustique. Ceci conduit à l'idée de deux mécanismes source indépendants à l'origine de la production de bruit par les écoulements cisaillés libres fortement subsoniques. En conséquence, une procédure combinant les capacités de filtrage d'une Décomposition Orthogonale Propre spatiale, une transformé par ondelettes et une technique de modélisation des sources est présentée. L'objet est de décomposer le signal de pression en champ lointain d'un jet froid de diamètre égal à 0,05 m à Mach 0,9 d'une manière aussi objective que possible en composantes associées à des sources ``cohérentes'' et ``incohérentes''. Par suite, une technique de modélisation des sources est utilisée pour différents types de sources en veillant à rester représentatif vis-à-vis des données expérimentales de l'écoulement. Ces types de sources incluent : une source en paquet d'ondes ; des appariements tourbillonnaires ; des échelles aléatoires et décorrélées. De bonnes similitudes sont trouvées entre les mesures expérimentales et le modèle source analytique en paquet d'ondes pour de faibles angles d'émission. En effet, ce modèle a tendance à rayonner aux angles compris entre 30° et 50°. Ainsi, dans cette plage angulaire, ce modèle en paquet d'onde donne une représentation satisfaisante des mécanismes source afin d'estimer le rayonnement acoustique en champ lointain. Les prochains travaux concerneront l'amélioration de l'outil de filtrage par ondelettes et l'investigation d'autres types de source en utilisant des données pré-filtrées en composantes correspondant à une contribution cohérente et une stochastique.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Hyper Article en Lig...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    Other literature type . 2010
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Hyper Article en Lig...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      Other literature type . 2010
  • Authors: Perez Quintero, Alvaro Luis;

    Transcription activator-like (TAL) effectors are proteins found mainly in the genus of Xanthomonas phytopathogenic bacteria. These proteins enter the nucleus of cells in the host plant and can induce the expression of genes. The induction of “susceptibility” S genes in the plant will result in disease. TAL effectors are able to bind DNA thanks to a unique motif consisting of a series of nearly-identical repeats that wrap around the DNA forming a super-helix, in each repeat two amino-acids found in a loop on the inner side of the helix directly interact with nucleotides. Different combination of amino-acids in this loop bind specific nucleotides following a unique code.A consequence of this tight interaction is that plants and bacteria co-evolve following an arms race where the plant genome diversifies to avoid being targeted by the TAL effectors, while tal effector genes diversify to adapt to new targets.Various aspects of TAL effector evolution are still unknown, specially how does specificity arise towards certain targets in the host plant? As first steps towards answering this question, in these thesis we show the results of using primarily bioinformatic strategies to find evolutionary patterns in TAL effector sequences. We designed the suite “QueTAL” containing software for 1) the construction of phylogenetic trees based on repeat sequences, 2) comparison of predicted binding sites for TAL effectors, 3) identification of repeat motifs in TAL effector pairs. This suite was made publicly available and it is being actively used by the Xanthomonas research community.We used these programs along with other strategies to analyze variation in over 900 TAL effector sequences from 22 taxonomic groups finding 1) a loss of diversity of repeats through the Xanthomonas genus, which may impact the evolution of TAL effector architecture, 2) groups of TAL effector orthologs specific to certain taxonomic groups of pathovars that may share common functions, 3) evidence of repeat motifs shared and lost between TAL effectors hinting at extensive recombination (particularly gene conversion) events. We propose that the swapping of repeat blocks between TAL effectors is a motor for TAL effector specialization that allows for fast functional diversification through the acquisition of new targets in the host plants.We then analyzed in detail the diversity of TAL effector sequences in African strains of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), causing agent of bacterial leaf blight of rice, the most destructive bacterial disease in rice. We found indications of virulence activity of a TAL effector being the product of a gene conversion event, supporting our hypothesis of gene conversion as a motor of TAL effector evolution. We also used transcriptomic data and systematic gain-of-function assays to uncover a TAL effector that exerts a virulence role through the induction of two susceptibility genes, one of which represents a novel class of susceptibility gene in bacterial blight. Finally, we present partial results of transcriptomic analyses aimed at de-constructing the effects of each TAL effector from one strain on the rice transcriptome, as well as results from collaborative functional and evolutionary analyses in other groups of Xanthomonas.Altogether, this thesis offers a new conceptual framework and new tools for the analysis of TAL effector function and evolution, and we hope this will help in the design of strategies aimed at improving resistance to bacteria in agronomically important plants.; Les effecteurs TAL (« Transcription Activator-Like ») sont des protéines présentes majoritairement chez les bactéries phytopathogènes du genre Xanthomonas. Ces protéines bactériennes sont dirigées vers le noyau des cellules de la plante hôte où elles induisent l’expression de gènes. L’induction de gènes de « susceptibilité » de la plante est responsable de la maladie. Les effecteurs TAL sont capables de se lier à l’ADN grâce à un motif particulier consistant en une série de répétitions quasi-identiques s’enroulant autour de l’ADN et formant une super-hélice. Au sein des répétitions deux acides aminés localisés à l’intérieur de chaque boucle de la super-hélice interagissent directement et spécifiquement avec les nucléotides. Des combinaisons différentes de ces deux acides aminés se lient spécifiquement à certains nucléotides, selon un code unique.Une conséquence de cette interaction étroite est que les plantes et les bactéries co-évoluent selon une course aux armements où le génome de la plante se diversifie pour éviter d’être la cible des effecteurs TAL, tandis que les gènes tal se diversifient pour s’adapter à de nouvelles cibles. Les aspects évolutifs des effecteurs TAL sont encore largement inconnus, notamment comment la spécificité évolue vers de nouvelles cibles végétales. Cette thèse présente les premiers travaux sur la compréhension des mécanismes évolutifs des gènes tal, principalement abordés par la bioinformatique. Nous avons développé la suite de programmes « QueTAL » qui permet d’une part la construction d’arbres phylogénétiques basés soit sur la séquence des répétitions, soit sur la séquence des sites cibles, d’autre part la recherche de motifs de répétitions pouvant constituer les unités évolutives des effecteurs TAL. Cette suite bioinformatique est publique, en ligne, et activement utilisée par la communauté des scientifiques travaillant sur les effecteurs TAL des Xanthomonas.Ces programmes ont été appliqués (ainsi que d’autres approches) à plus de 900 séquences d’effecteurs TAL de 22 groupes bactériens. Nous avons mis en évidence i) une perte de diversité dans les répétitions chez les Xanthomonas, qui aurait des conséquence sur l’évolution de la structure des effecteurs TAL; ii) l’existence de groupes fonctionnels de gènes tal spécifiques à certains pathovars ; iii) un probable mécanisme évolutif reposant sur la recombinaison (principalement par conversion génique), révélé par le gain ou la perte de répétitions en blocs entiers. Notre hypothèse est que le moteur de la spécialisation des effecteurs TAL est la recombinaison de ces blocs entre gènes conduisant à une diversification fonctionnelle rapide vers de nouvelles cibles végétales.Nous avons ensuite analysé plus en détail la diversité des séquences TAL de souches africaines de Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), agent de la bactériose vasculaire, maladie bactérienne la plus importante du riz. Nous avons montré qu’un gène tal résultant d’une conversion génique pouvait être fonctionnel, indiquant que ce mécanisme peut être un moteur évolutif chez les effecteurs TAL. Les données de transcriptomique et de gain de fonction ont permis de mettre en évidence un effecteurs TAL dont la virulence s’exerce par l’activation de deux gènes de susceptibilité, dont l’un n’avait jamais été décrit chez Xoo. Enfin nous présentons des résultats préliminaires sur les effets d’une déconstruction de TALome sur le transcriptome de riz ainsi que des travaux fonctionnels et évolutifs issus de collaborations sur d’autres Xanthomonas.Cette thèse offre un nouveau cadre conceptuel ainsi que de nouveaux outils pour l’analyse fonctionnelle et évolutive des effecteurs TAL qui devraient améliorer la mise au point de stratégies pour la résistance des plantes aux Xanthomonas.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Tillier, Mathieu;

    Deux catégories de prisons coexistaient à l'époque abbasside : celles des cadis et celles d'institutions politico-militaires. Mais cette distinction était largement théorique. L'étude de l'administration carcérale, de ses rapports aux autorités urbaines et de sa géographie montre que les prisons relevaient avant tout des gouverneurs et de la shurta : par leur empreinte sur le paysage urbain, les principales prisons iraqiennes manifestaient la puissance coercitive de la dynastie. Two kinds of prisons coexisted under the Abbasids: the qadi's prisons and those of some military as well as political institutions. But the distinction was largely theoretical. The study of their administration, of their relations with the urban authorities and of their location shows that prisons depended above all on governors and shurta: by impressing their stamp on the urban landscape, the main Iraqi prisons expressed the coercive power of the dynasty.

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    Other literature type . 2008
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      Other literature type . 2008
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Charley, B; Nowacki, W; Vaiman, M;

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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Hyper Article en Lig...arrow_drop_down
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    Hal-Diderot
    Other literature type . 1995
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  • Authors: Kerlirzin, Yves; Gibert, Michel; Williams, Mark; VIEILLEDENT, Stéphane; +1 Authors
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    Authors: Maria Gargiulo, Anna; Coliolo, Paola; Ceccarelli, Piero; Pedini, Vera;

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    Hal-Diderot
    Other literature type . 1999
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      Other literature type . 1999
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    Authors: Koenig, Gérard;

    Après avoir présenté la définition à partir de laquelle peut être appréciée la contribution de FCS au management stratégique, cet article se structure autour de deux préoccupations qui ont trait à la dynamique de production des connaissances dans le champ. La première s'inscrit dans le plan défini par les dimensions empi-rique et analytique. Elle concerne le risque que l'obsession de la nouveau-té théorique fait courir au processus de connaissance. La seconde préoccupation touche au contenu thématique de la recherche en management stratégique. Constitué de couples, comme celui que forment organisation et stratégie, cet axe thématique, que l'on peut concevoir comme orthogonal aux dimensions empirique et analytique est le lieu où s'invente le management stratégique, où des oppositions se nouent et où se pose la question de leur éventuel dépasse-ment. Mots clés : management stratégique – revues scientifiques – politiques éditoriales – développement de la con-naissance – obsession pour la théorie. After having presented the definition of strategic management from which the contribution of FCS can be recognized, the article moves on to examine two issues closely related to the dynamics of knowledge production in this domain. The first issue is found within the space defined by the empirical and analytical dimensions and concerns the risks for the knowledge process brought about by an obsession with theoretical novelty. The second issue concerns the thematic content of strategic management research. This content can be viewed as structured along various dimensions, each of them being composed of a thematic couple, such as the one that associates organization and strategy. This thematic space, which can be thought of as orthogonal to the space defined by empirical and analytical dimensions, is where strategic management is invented, where oppositions emerge, and where the question of their synthesis can be raised.

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  • Authors: Cappelier, JM; Lazaro, B; Rossero, A; Fernandez-Astorga, A; +1 Authors

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    Authors: Welch, Edward;
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    Authors: Baudry, C; de Cremoux, R; Chartier, C; Perrin, G;

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    Authors: Koenig, Maxime; Cavalieri, André; Jordan, Peter; Delville, Joël; +3 Authors

    L'une des caractéristiques majeures du champ acoustique rayonné par un jet rond turbulent est la dépendance angulaire de son spectre de puissance acoustique. Ceci conduit à l'idée de deux mécanismes source indépendants à l'origine de la production de bruit par les écoulements cisaillés libres fortement subsoniques. En conséquence, une procédure combinant les capacités de filtrage d'une Décomposition Orthogonale Propre spatiale, une transformé par ondelettes et une technique de modélisation des sources est présentée. L'objet est de décomposer le signal de pression en champ lointain d'un jet froid de diamètre égal à 0,05 m à Mach 0,9 d'une manière aussi objective que possible en composantes associées à des sources ``cohérentes'' et ``incohérentes''. Par suite, une technique de modélisation des sources est utilisée pour différents types de sources en veillant à rester représentatif vis-à-vis des données expérimentales de l'écoulement. Ces types de sources incluent : une source en paquet d'ondes ; des appariements tourbillonnaires ; des échelles aléatoires et décorrélées. De bonnes similitudes sont trouvées entre les mesures expérimentales et le modèle source analytique en paquet d'ondes pour de faibles angles d'émission. En effet, ce modèle a tendance à rayonner aux angles compris entre 30° et 50°. Ainsi, dans cette plage angulaire, ce modèle en paquet d'onde donne une représentation satisfaisante des mécanismes source afin d'estimer le rayonnement acoustique en champ lointain. Les prochains travaux concerneront l'amélioration de l'outil de filtrage par ondelettes et l'investigation d'autres types de source en utilisant des données pré-filtrées en composantes correspondant à une contribution cohérente et une stochastique.

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  • Authors: Perez Quintero, Alvaro Luis;

    Transcription activator-like (TAL) effectors are proteins found mainly in the genus of Xanthomonas phytopathogenic bacteria. These proteins enter the nucleus of cells in the host plant and can induce the expression of genes. The induction of “susceptibility” S genes in the plant will result in disease. TAL effectors are able to bind DNA thanks to a unique motif consisting of a series of nearly-identical repeats that wrap around the DNA forming a super-helix, in each repeat two amino-acids found in a loop on the inner side of the helix directly interact with nucleotides. Different combination of amino-acids in this loop bind specific nucleotides following a unique code.A consequence of this tight interaction is that plants and bacteria co-evolve following an arms race where the plant genome diversifies to avoid being targeted by the TAL effectors, while tal effector genes diversify to adapt to new targets.Various aspects of TAL effector evolution are still unknown, specially how does specificity arise towards certain targets in the host plant? As first steps towards answering this question, in these thesis we show the results of using primarily bioinformatic strategies to find evolutionary patterns in TAL effector sequences. We designed the suite “QueTAL” containing software for 1) the construction of phylogenetic trees based on repeat sequences, 2) comparison of predicted binding sites for TAL effectors, 3) identification of repeat motifs in TAL effector pairs. This suite was made publicly available and it is being actively used by the Xanthomonas research community.We used these programs along with other strategies to analyze variation in over 900 TAL effector sequences from 22 taxonomic groups finding 1) a loss of diversity of repeats through the Xanthomonas genus, which may impact the evolution of TAL effector architecture, 2) groups of TAL effector orthologs specific to certain taxonomic groups of pathovars that may share common functions, 3) evidence of repeat motifs shared and lost between TAL effectors hinting at extensive recombination (particularly gene conversion) events. We propose that the swapping of repeat blocks between TAL effectors is a motor for TAL effector specialization that allows for fast functional diversification through the acquisition of new targets in the host plants.We then analyzed in detail the diversity of TAL effector sequences in African strains of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), causing agent of bacterial leaf blight of rice, the most destructive bacterial disease in rice. We found indications of virulence activity of a TAL effector being the product of a gene conversion event, supporting our hypothesis of gene conversion as a motor of TAL effector evolution. We also used transcriptomic data and systematic gain-of-function assays to uncover a TAL effector that exerts a virulence role through the induction of two susceptibility genes, one of which represents a novel class of susceptibility gene in bacterial blight. Finally, we present partial results of transcriptomic analyses aimed at de-constructing the effects of each TAL effector from one strain on the rice transcriptome, as well as results from collaborative functional and evolutionary analyses in other groups of Xanthomonas.Altogether, this thesis offers a new conceptual framework and new tools for the analysis of TAL effector function and evolution, and we hope this will help in the design of strategies aimed at improving resistance to bacteria in agronomically important plants.; Les effecteurs TAL (« Transcription Activator-Like ») sont des protéines présentes majoritairement chez les bactéries phytopathogènes du genre Xanthomonas. Ces protéines bactériennes sont dirigées vers le noyau des cellules de la plante hôte où elles induisent l’expression de gènes. L’induction de gènes de « susceptibilité » de la plante est responsable de la maladie. Les effecteurs TAL sont capables de se lier à l’ADN grâce à un motif particulier consistant en une série de répétitions quasi-identiques s’enroulant autour de l’ADN et formant une super-hélice. Au sein des répétitions deux acides aminés localisés à l’intérieur de chaque boucle de la super-hélice interagissent directement et spécifiquement avec les nucléotides. Des combinaisons différentes de ces deux acides aminés se lient spécifiquement à certains nucléotides, selon un code unique.Une conséquence de cette interaction étroite est que les plantes et les bactéries co-évoluent selon une course aux armements où le génome de la plante se diversifie pour éviter d’être la cible des effecteurs TAL, tandis que les gènes tal se diversifient pour s’adapter à de nouvelles cibles. Les aspects évolutifs des effecteurs TAL sont encore largement inconnus, notamment comment la spécificité évolue vers de nouvelles cibles végétales. Cette thèse présente les premiers travaux sur la compréhension des mécanismes évolutifs des gènes tal, principalement abordés par la bioinformatique. Nous avons développé la suite de programmes « QueTAL » qui permet d’une part la construction d’arbres phylogénétiques basés soit sur la séquence des répétitions, soit sur la séquence des sites cibles, d’autre part la recherche de motifs de répétitions pouvant constituer les unités évolutives des effecteurs TAL. Cette suite bioinformatique est publique, en ligne, et activement utilisée par la communauté des scientifiques travaillant sur les effecteurs TAL des Xanthomonas.Ces programmes ont été appliqués (ainsi que d’autres approches) à plus de 900 séquences d’effecteurs TAL de 22 groupes bactériens. Nous avons mis en évidence i) une perte de diversité dans les répétitions chez les Xanthomonas, qui aurait des conséquence sur l’évolution de la structure des effecteurs TAL; ii) l’existence de groupes fonctionnels de gènes tal spécifiques à certains pathovars ; iii) un probable mécanisme évolutif reposant sur la recombinaison (principalement par conversion génique), révélé par le gain ou la perte de répétitions en blocs entiers. Notre hypothèse est que le moteur de la spécialisation des effecteurs TAL est la recombinaison de ces blocs entre gènes conduisant à une diversification fonctionnelle rapide vers de nouvelles cibles végétales.Nous avons ensuite analysé plus en détail la diversité des séquences TAL de souches africaines de Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), agent de la bactériose vasculaire, maladie bactérienne la plus importante du riz. Nous avons montré qu’un gène tal résultant d’une conversion génique pouvait être fonctionnel, indiquant que ce mécanisme peut être un moteur évolutif chez les effecteurs TAL. Les données de transcriptomique et de gain de fonction ont permis de mettre en évidence un effecteurs TAL dont la virulence s’exerce par l’activation de deux gènes de susceptibilité, dont l’un n’avait jamais été décrit chez Xoo. Enfin nous présentons des résultats préliminaires sur les effets d’une déconstruction de TALome sur le transcriptome de riz ainsi que des travaux fonctionnels et évolutifs issus de collaborations sur d’autres Xanthomonas.Cette thèse offre un nouveau cadre conceptuel ainsi que de nouveaux outils pour l’analyse fonctionnelle et évolutive des effecteurs TAL qui devraient améliorer la mise au point de stratégies pour la résistance des plantes aux Xanthomonas.

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    Authors: Tillier, Mathieu;

    Deux catégories de prisons coexistaient à l'époque abbasside : celles des cadis et celles d'institutions politico-militaires. Mais cette distinction était largement théorique. L'étude de l'administration carcérale, de ses rapports aux autorités urbaines et de sa géographie montre que les prisons relevaient avant tout des gouverneurs et de la shurta : par leur empreinte sur le paysage urbain, les principales prisons iraqiennes manifestaient la puissance coercitive de la dynastie. Two kinds of prisons coexisted under the Abbasids: the qadi's prisons and those of some military as well as political institutions. But the distinction was largely theoretical. The study of their administration, of their relations with the urban authorities and of their location shows that prisons depended above all on governors and shurta: by impressing their stamp on the urban landscape, the main Iraqi prisons expressed the coercive power of the dynasty.

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    Authors: Charley, B; Nowacki, W; Vaiman, M;

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  • Authors: Kerlirzin, Yves; Gibert, Michel; Williams, Mark; VIEILLEDENT, Stéphane; +1 Authors
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    Authors: Maria Gargiulo, Anna; Coliolo, Paola; Ceccarelli, Piero; Pedini, Vera;

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    Other literature type . 1999
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      Hal-Diderot
      Other literature type . 1999
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    Authors: Koenig, Gérard;

    Après avoir présenté la définition à partir de laquelle peut être appréciée la contribution de FCS au management stratégique, cet article se structure autour de deux préoccupations qui ont trait à la dynamique de production des connaissances dans le champ. La première s'inscrit dans le plan défini par les dimensions empi-rique et analytique. Elle concerne le risque que l'obsession de la nouveau-té théorique fait courir au processus de connaissance. La seconde préoccupation touche au contenu thématique de la recherche en management stratégique. Constitué de couples, comme celui que forment organisation et stratégie, cet axe thématique, que l'on peut concevoir comme orthogonal aux dimensions empirique et analytique est le lieu où s'invente le management stratégique, où des oppositions se nouent et où se pose la question de leur éventuel dépasse-ment. Mots clés : management stratégique – revues scientifiques – politiques éditoriales – développement de la con-naissance – obsession pour la théorie. After having presented the definition of strategic management from which the contribution of FCS can be recognized, the article moves on to examine two issues closely related to the dynamics of knowledge production in this domain. The first issue is found within the space defined by the empirical and analytical dimensions and concerns the risks for the knowledge process brought about by an obsession with theoretical novelty. The second issue concerns the thematic content of strategic management research. This content can be viewed as structured along various dimensions, each of them being composed of a thematic couple, such as the one that associates organization and strategy. This thematic space, which can be thought of as orthogonal to the space defined by empirical and analytical dimensions, is where strategic management is invented, where oppositions emerge, and where the question of their synthesis can be raised.

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    HAL UPEC
    Other literature type . 2008
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  • Authors: Cappelier, JM; Lazaro, B; Rossero, A; Fernandez-Astorga, A; +1 Authors

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