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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Cuji, Julio; Merino, Danny; Brito, Geovanni; Gordón, Carlos;

    Este documento revisa los modelos de sistemas de captación de energía de Radiofrecuencia (RF) a partir de la información recogida en varios artículos publicados en repositorios científicos de todo el mundo. Tiene como objetivo registrar información relevante de cada uno de ellos, como: topología del sistema, circuitos y características de cada etapa, componentes electrónicos utilizados, dimensiones, entre otros, para tabular y cotejar estos datos, con el fin de determinar cuál es el que presenta mejores características por etapa y así considerarlo para realizar una investigación profunda y mejorar su diseño para captar energía. En este estudio se utilizó una metodología dividida en cuatro fases: investigación, lectura científica, extracción de información relevante y tabulación. Una vez realizado el estudio de los sistemas seleccionados, se compararon los resultados obtenidos en cada uno y se seleccionó la topología, circuitos o elementos que obtuvieron mejores resultados para las etapas: Antena, Acoplamiento, Rectificación, Administración de energía y Almacenamiento de energía. Finalmente, se creó una aplicación para dispositivos Android en la que se encuentra toda la información recolectada y los resultados obtenidos de manera que funcione como una fuente de consulta para futuras investigaciones. This document presents a review of models of Radiofrequency (RF) energy harvesting systems, extracted from articles published in scientific repositories around the world. Its objective is to extract relevant information from each of them, such as: system topology, circuits and characteristics of each stage, electronic components used, dimensions, among others. With this information, the data is tabulated and compared, in order to determine which one has the best characteristics according to each stage and consider it to carry out a deeper investigation and improve its design to capture more energy. To carry out this study, a methodology divided into four phases was used, which are: research, scientific reading, extraction of relevant information and tabulation. Once the study of the selected systems was carried out, a comparison was made between the results obtained in each one and the topology, circuits or elements that obtained the best results for the stages of: Antenna, Coupling, Rectification, Energy Management and Storage were selected. of energy. Finally, an application for Android devices was created in which all the information collected, and results obtained are found so that it works as a reference source for future research.

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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Egas Acosta, Carlos; Revelo Vizcaino, Eduardo;

    Las redes inalámbricas de área amplia de bajo consumo energético son una tecnología clave para el desarrollo del Internet de las Cosas (IoT por sus siglas en inglés). Como todo sistema de comunicaciones inalámbricas, requiere que durante el diseño se inspeccione el lugar donde se desplegará la red para determinar las ubicaciones donde la señal es débil. Sigfox es una red con acceso inalámbrico que brinda el servicio de conectividad para Internet de las Cosas. Cuando los nodos sensores están ubicados dentro de edificios, el nivel de la señal recibida puede variar, debido a obstrucciones internas e interferencias, por lo que es necesario disponer de sistemas que tomen en cuenta las características técnicas de la red Sigfox, para medir los niveles de intensidad de la señal e identificar las ubicaciones donde no existe señal. El sistema obtiene información de los niveles de señal con el fin de identificar las ubicaciones en las cuales los nodos no tienen conectividad con la red y encontrar soluciones a este problema antes de implementar la red. La implementación del sistema utiliza nodos Sipy programados con Pymark y la nube de Sigfox, mientras que el desarrollo de la aplicación utiliza API y APIREST en el entorno de desarrollo de Visual Studio. Low-energy wireless wide-area networks are a key technology for the development of the Internet of Things. Like any wireless communications system, it requires that during the design the place where the network will be deployed be inspected to determine the locations where the signal is weak. Sigfox is a network with wireless access that provides the connectivity service for the Internet of Things. When the sensor nodes are located inside buildings, the level of the received signal can vary, due to internal obstructions and interference, so it is necessary to have systems that take into account the technical characteristics of the Sigfox network, to measure the levels. signal strength inside buildings and identify locations where there is no signal. The implemented system allows obtaining information on the signal levels inside the buildings in order to identify the locations in which the nodes do not have connectivity with the network and find solutions to this problem before implementing the network. The system implementation uses Sipy nodes programmed with Pymark and the Sigfox cloud, while the application development uses API and APIREST in the Visual Studio development environment.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Pacheco Gil, Henry; Jarre, Emilio; Macias, José Ricardo; Intriago, Frank; +2 Authors

    Los vehículos aéreos no tripulados (UAV) se están convirtiendo en una herramienta tecnología muy versátil en diversas áreas de aplicación para actividades del desarrollo. La topografía, como área fundamental de la ingeniería, aporta información relacionada con la ubicación tridimensional de puntos en la superficie terrestre. Este trabajo tiene por objetivo generar información topográfica, usando un UAV como alternativa tecnológica a las técnicas tradicionales. La metodología consistió en la planificación y ejecución de dos vuelos fotogramétricos con el UAV EBEB SQ, instrumentado con la cámara multiespectral Sequoia. Para ello, se colocaron cinco puntos de control en el terreno, georreferenciados con estación total, usados como puntos de control en el procesamiento de las imágenes del vuelo. Las fotografías capturadas en el vuelo, fueron procesadas mediante fotogrametría con el software PIX4Dmapper, en un computador de escritorio, con procesador Intel(R) Core (TM) i9-9900K CPU 3.60GHz y 32.0 GB de RAM. Los resultados del vuelo fotogramétrico consistieron en un total de 633 fotografías RGB en un tiempo de vuelo de 36:27 minutos, para un área de cobertura de 57.7 ha. El reporte de calidad del procesamiento indicó una precisión de 2 mm en la georreferenciación de las fotografías con los puntos de control. El procesamiento fotogramétrico se ejecutó en un tiempo de 48 minutos para generar Ortofotos, Modelo Digital del Terreno (MDT) y nube de puntos tridimensional. Los productos generados alcanzaron una resolución espacial de 5 cm/pixel, con precisiones milimétricas que permitieron gestionar información topográfica secundaria como la pendiente. La nube de puntos permitió clasificar la cobertura en vegetación y suelo, para estimar la altura del dosel del cultivo de algodón con una precisión del 91 %. Como ventajas del UAV sobre las técnicas tradicionales para levantamientos topográficos se puede destacar la variedad y precisión de los productos geoespaciales y la optimización de los tiempos. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are becoming a very versatile technology tool in several application areas for development activities. Topography, as a fundamental area of engineering, provides information related to the three-dimensional location of points on the earth's surface. The objective of this work was to generate topographic information, using UAV as a technological alternative to traditional techniques. The methodology consisted of planning and execution of two photogrammetric flights with the EBEB SQ UAV, instrumented with the Sequoia multispectral camera. Five control points were placed on the ground, georeferenced with a total station, used as control points in the processing of the flight images. The photographs captured in flight were processed by photogrammetry with PIX4Dmapper software on a desktop computer, with an Intel(R) Core (TM) i9-9900K CPU 3.60GHz processor and 32.0 GB of RAM. The photogrammetric flight results consisted of a total of 633 RGB photographs in a flight time of 36:27 minutes, for a coverage area of 57.7 ha. The processing quality report showed an accuracy of 2 mm in the georeferencing of the photographs with the control points. The photogrammetric processing was executed in a time of 48 minutes to generate Orthophotos, Digital Terrain Model (DTM) and three-dimensional point cloud. The generated products reached a spatial resolution of 5 cm/pixel, with millimeter accuracies that allowed the management of secondary topographic information such as slope. The point cloud made it possible to classify the coverage in vegetation and soil, to estimate the height of the cotton crop canopy with an accuracy of 91%. As advantages of the UAV over traditional techniques for topographic surveys, the variety and precision of geospatial products and the optimization of times can be highlighted.

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    Esteban Crespo-Martínez; Ana Vasquez-Aguilera; María Gabriela Chica Contreras; Catalina Astudillo-Rodríguez;

    Adoptar un Sistema ERP puede convertirse en una tarea que no necesariamente conlleve al éxito. En este trabajo se realiza una revisión sistemática de literatura considerando el Modelo de Aceptación Tecnológica (TAM) en una exhaustiva búsqueda en 11 bases de datos científicas, aplicando el método PRISMA. Se obtuvieron 341 artículos en total, y de estos, 53 fueron considerados como elegibles. Para cuantificar los resultados, se utilizó la herramienta Iramuteq sobre R para ejecutar el análisis de texto. Se concluye que los factores relevantes por considerar en una implementación de un ERP se resumen en la ansiedad computacional, para las cuales algunas estrategias han sido identificadas en la literatura, como un adecuado programa de formación para el usuario final, documentación, condiciones de facilitación técnica, influencia social, y motivadores organizacionales. Adopting an ERP system could become a task that does not necessarily lead to success. In this work, we have conducted a systematic review of the literature considering the technology acceptance model (TAM) in an exhaustive search of 11 scientific databases, applying the PRISMA method. A total of 341 articles were obtained, and 53 were selected as eligible. The Iramuteq tool under R was applied to perform text analysis to quantify the results. We conclude that the relevant factors to consider in implementing an ERP become the mitigation of computational anxiety. The literature identifies some strategies, such as adequate end-user formation programs, documentation, technical facilitation conditions, social influence, and organizational motivators.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    García Quintana, Yudel;

    El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar patrones de calidad de semillas y plántulas de Switenia macrophylla King, Cedrelinga cateniformis (Ducke) Duckey y Ochroma pyramidale (Cav. ex Lam) Urb. como base para la restauración. Se realizó la prueba de viabilidad de semillas mediante Tetrazolio al 1 % (2,3,5- cloruro trifenil tetrazolio) durante tres tiempos de tinción, se consideró el porcentaje de viabilidad y niveles de vigor según el patrón topológico de tinción. Se determinó la velocidad de germinación, capacidad germinativa, e índices morfológicos de calidad de plantas, a través de la relación parte aérea-parte radical, esbeltez, grado de lignificación y calidad de Dickson. Se comprobó el mayor porcentaje de semillas viables con el máximo tiempo de tinción (3 horas). La categoría vigor medio fue superior en las tres especies, determinado por un patrón de tinción rojizo parcial como expresión de su calidad fisiológica, lo cual se reflejó en la respuesta a la germinación. Los índices de calidad morfológica permitieron identificar la potencialidad de crecimiento y desarrollo de las especies para su aclimatación al sitio. El análisis de correspondencia fue significativo (p≤0.05), lo cual facilitó la formación de grupos de calidad, resultando C. cateniformis de alta calidad como indicador de su potencialidad para cubrir las necesidades de restauración en las condiciones amazónicas. The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality patterns of Switenia macrophylla, Cedrelinga cateniformis and Ochroma pyramidale seeds and seedlings in response to restoration. The seed viability test was performed using 1 % tetrazolium (2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride) during three staining times and the percentage of viability and vigor levels were considered according to the topological staining pattern. Germination speed, germination capacity, and morphological indices of plant quality were determined using the aboveground belowground ratio, slenderness, degree of lignification and Dickson's quality. The highest percentage of viable seeds with the maximum staining time (3 hours) was verified. The medium vigor category was higher in the three species, as determined by a partial reddish staining pattern as an expression of their physiological quality, which was reflected in the response to germination. The morphological quality indices allowed us to identify the species’ potential for growth and development for acclimatization to the area. The correspondence analysis was significant (p≤0.05), which facilitated the formation of quality groups, C. cateniformis was found to be of a high-enough quality as an indicator of its potential to cover restoration needs in Amazonian conditions.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Enfoqutearrow_drop_down
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    García Rengifo, Christian Andrés; Durán-Ballén Ochoa, Sixto;

    La cuenca hidrográfica del río Chalpi Grande se encuentra ubicada en la amazonia ecuatoriana. Esta cuenca al estar por encima de los 3200 m s.n.m posee características de ecosistemas andinos y amazónicos. La conservación de esta cuenca es de suma importancia debido a que de este río depende el abastecimiento de 2.2 m3/s para el Distrito Metropolitano de Quito. El objetivo de esta investigación es la caracterización de la variabilidad climática de 31 años (1985 – 2015) de registros de temperatura, precipitación y caudal del río Chalpi Grande en base a los registros históricos del INAMHI, EPMAPS y FONAG. Estos registros fueron sistematizados y rellenados en base a métodos estadísticos y sensores remotos para la validación de datos. La variabilidad climática muestra incrementos tanto en los comportamientos como en las tendencias de las estaciones de invierno y verano; como también en las tendencias de los parámetros climáticos que pueden ser efecto de los fenómenos atmosféricos, como el problema latente del cambio climático. The watershed basin of the Chalpi Grande River is located in the Ecuadorian Amazon. This basin, being above 3200 m a.s.l. It has characteristics of Andean and Amazonian ecosystems. The conservation of this basin is extremely important because the supply of 2.2 m3/s for the Metropolitan District of Quito depends on this river. The objective of this research is the characterization of the additional climate of 31 years (1985-2015) of records of temperature, precipitation and flow of the Chalpi Grande River based on the historical records of INAMHI, EPMAPS and FONAG. These were systematized records filled in based on statistical methods and remote sensors for data validation. The climatic temperature shows increases both in the behaviors and in the trends of the winter and summer seasons; as well as in the trends of climatic parameters that can be the effect of atmospheric phenomena, such as the latent problem of climate change.

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    Daniela Paz-Barzola; Kenny Escobar-Segovia; Samantha Jiménez-Oyola;

    El objetivo para llevar a cabo este estudio fue evaluar la calidad del suelo en los núcleos poblados cercanos a las áreas de explotación minera aurífera en el cantón Camilo Ponce Enríquez. Se analizó la concentración de metales pesados y metaloides (As, Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, y Zn) en muestras del suelo recolectadas en áreas públicas, patios, jardines y zonas de cultivo. Como resultado, se identificó que la concentración de Ni y Cr superó el límite máximo permitido (LMP) establecido en el Texto Unificado de la Legislación Secundaria Medio Ambiental del Ecuador (TULSMA) en el 100 % de las muestras analizadas, mientras que la concentración de Cu y Zn fue superior al LMP en el 90 % de los sitios de los cuales se tomó la muestra. El Cd superó el LMP en 64 % de las muestras y el As y el Pb superaron el LMP en el 26 % y 21 % de las muestras, respectivamente. El Cd, As y Pb son elementos de especial preocupación debido a su elevada toxicidad y considerable presencia en la zona de estudio. En cuanto al análisis de pH, se obtuvo valores entre 3.31 y 8.21, lo cual indica condiciones ácidas en el 60 % de las muestras de suelo, posiblemente producto de la actividad antropogénica en el área. Se detectaron fuertes correlaciones positivas entre As-Cd, Cr-Ni, Cu-Ni y correlaciones moderadas entre Cr-Cu y Pb-Zn, lo que guarda relación con la mineralización del área. El análisis de conglomerados indicó que el clúster C1, caracterizado por un alto contenido de elementos potencialmente tóxicos, se encuentra mayoritariamente al sur del área de estudio. Estos resultados preliminares pueden servir como línea base para futuras investigaciones en la zona, pues remarcan la importancia de la evaluación en la calidad de los suelos en núcleos poblados en áreas mineras. The objective of the study was to evaluate soil quality in population centers near gold mining areas. The concentration of heavy metals and metalloids (As, Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, and Zn) was analyzed in soil samples collected in public areas, yards, gardens, and cultivation areas. As a result, it was identified that the concentration of Ni and Cr exceeded the maximum permissible limit (MPL) established in the Unified Text of Secondary Environmental Legislation of Ecuador (TULSMA) in 100 % of the samples analyzed, while the concentration of Cu and Zn was higher than the MPL in 90 % of the sites sampled. Cd exceeded the MPL in 64 % of the samples, and As and Pb exceeded the MPL in 26 % and 21 % of the samples, respectively. Cd, As and Pb are elements of special concern due to their high toxicity and significant presence in the study area. Regarding pH analysis, values between 3.31 and 8.21 were obtained, indicating acidic conditions in 60 % of the soil samples, possibly as a result of anthropogenic activity in the area. Strong positive correlations were detected between As-Cd, Cr-Ni, Cu-Ni, and moderate correlations between Cr-Cu and Pb-Zn, which is related to the mineralization of the area. Cluster analysis indicated that cluster C1, characterized by a high content of potentially toxic elements, is mostly located south of the study area. These preliminary results can serve as a baseline for future research in the area, highlighting the importance of soil quality assessment in mining areas.

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    Reynaldo J. Silva Paz; Dante K. Mateo Mendoza; Amparo Eccoña Sota; Patricia A. Della Rocca; +1 Authors

    La hoja de muña se utiliza como infusión, posee propiedades farmacológicas y se usa para aliviar los síntomas digestivos y respiratorios. Por lo que, el secado es importante para la conservación y almacenamiento hasta su uso o procesamiento. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la influencia de la temperatura de secado sobre la cinética, coeficiente de difusión y las propiedades termodinámicas. Se trabajó con hojas de muña sometidos a diferentes pretratamientos (blanqueado a 1% de ácido ascórbico, inmersión en agua a 60 °C y sin pre tratamiento) secados a tres temperaturas (40, 50 y 60 °C). Se determinó el coeficiente de difusión efectiva, energía de activación y se describió el proceso de secado mediante ocho modelos matemáticos para representar la curva de secado. El modelo Logarítmico fue seleccionado como el de mayor ajuste para representar la cinética de secado de la muña. Los valores de energía de activación fueron similares entre los tratamientos. El aumento de la temperatura promueve: disminución de la entalpía y la entropía; aumento de la energía libre de Gibbs y coeficiente de difusión efectivo. Por lo tanto, es fundamental reducir el contenido de agua mediante el secado para mantener la calidad de las hojas de muña. The muña leaf is consumed as an infusion, it has pharmacological properties and is used to relieve digestive and respiratory symptoms. Therefore, drying is important for preservation and storage until use or processing. The objective of this research was to evaluate the influence of drying temperature on kinetics, diffusion coefficient and thermodynamic properties. We worked with muña leaves that were subjected to different pretreatments (bleached at 1% ascorbic acid, immersion in water at 60 ° C and without pre-treatment) dried at three temperatures (40, 50 and 60 ° C). The effective diffusion coefficient, activation energy, was determined and the drying process was described using eight mathematical models to represent the drying curve. The Logarithmic model was selected as the one with the best fit to represent the drying kinetics of the muña. Activation energy values ​​were similar between treatments. The increase in temperature promotes: decrease in enthalpy and entropy; increase in Gibbs free energy and effective diffusion coefficient. Therefore, it is essential to reduce the water content by drying to maintain the quality of the muña leaves.

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    Verdecia Acosta, Danis Manuel;

    El presente estudio se enfoca en determinar los constituyentes nutritivos, aminoacidico y el contenido de metabolitos secundarios de la harina de follaje de Tithonia diversifolia. Para esto se recolectó el material vegetal a los 70 días de rebrote. Se determinaron los porcentajes de MS, PB, P, Ca, Si, FB, FND, FAD, LAD, Cel, Hcel, CC; perfil de aminoácidos (metionina, cistina, metionina + cistina, lisina, treonina, ácido aspártico, ácido glutámico, prolina, glicina, alanina, valina, isoleucina, leucina, serina, fenilalanina, arginina, histidina), y contenido de TT, FT, TCT, TCLT, TCL, Flv, Sap, Alc, Trit y ET. Para el procesamiento estadísticos se utilizaron técnicas descriptivas (media y desviación estándar). El material vegetal de Tithonia diversifolia analizado mostró porcentajes de 22 .23, 2.62, 0.013, 45.7, y 29.8 % y 6.09 MJ/kg (PB, Ca, P, FND, FAD y EM). Para los metabolitos secundarios presentaron concentraciones de 5.35, 12.38, 13.7, 9.58, 4.15, 24.49, 0.86, 1.36, 7.71 y 10.75 g/kg MS para taninos totales, fenoles totales, taninos condesados totales, taninos condensados ligados totales, taninos condensados libres, flavonoides, alcaloides, saponinas, triterpenos y esteroides). Las mayores concentraciones de aminoácidos fueron para lisina, ácido aspártico, glutámico, prolina, glicina, alanina, valina, leucina, serina y fenilalanina con valores de 13-30 g/kg de proteína. Se concluye que la harina de follaje de Tithonia diversifolia presenta una adecuada relación en su calidad. With the objective of determining the nutritional constituents, amino acids and the content of secondary metabolites of the foliage meal of Tithonia diversifolia. For this, plant material was collected 70 days after regrowth. The percentages of DM, CP, P, Ca, Si, CF, NDF, ADF, ADL, Cel, Hcel, CC were determined; amino acid profile (methionine, cystine, methionine + cystine, lysine, threonine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, proline, glycine, alanine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, serine, phenylalanine, arginine, histidine), and content of TT, TP, TCT, TBCT, FCT, Flv, Sap, Alk, Trit and TS. For statistical processing, descriptive techniques (mean and standard deviation) were used. The plant material of Tithonia diversifolia analyzed showed percentages of 22.23, 2.62, 0.013, 45.7, and 29.8% and 6.09 MJ/kg (CP, Ca, P, NDF, ADF and ME). For the secondary metabolites, they presented concentrations of 5.35, 12.38, 13.7, 9.58, 4.15, 24.49, 0.86, 1.36, 7.71 and 10.75 g/kg MS for total tannins, total phenols, total condensed tannins, total bound condensed tannins, free condensed tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, triterpenes and total steroids). The highest concentrations of amino acids were for lysine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, proline, glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, serine and phenylalanine with values ​​of 13-30 g/kg of protein. It is concluded that the foliage meal of Tithonia diversifolia presents an adequate relation in its quality.

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    Manuel Alberto Susunaga Miranda; Benigno Ortiz Muñiz; María del Refugio Castañeda Chávez; Fabiola Lango Reynoso; +1 Authors

    En México, cuando los sitios de disposición final de residuos sólidos urbanos son clausurados o cumplen su ciclo de vida, las autoridades municipales los abandonan sin llevar a cabo procesos de remediación. En la Región de Sotavento, estado de Veracruz, México, por medio de los sistemas de información geográfica, entrevistas a los ayuntamientos y visitas de campo, se localizaron 9 basureros abandonados: dos rellenos sanitarios, dos sitios de disposición final controlados denominados tiraderos controlados, y cinco sitios de disposición final no controlados conocidos como tiraderos a cielo abierto. Los resultados utilizando Google Earth, permitieron determinar que estos basureros, en su conjunto, ocupaban un área de 366,852 m2, con un volumen de residuos acumulados de 2,015,500m3 y una cantidad estimada de 2,498,571 toneladas de desechos confinados sin control. Tales resultados representan una serie de impactos ambientales que comúnmente no son detectados y cuyo conocimiento puede ser el punto de partida para su clausura de conformidad con la normativa mexicana aplicable. In Mexico, when municipal solid waste final disposal sites are closed or complete their life cycle, municipal authorities abandon them without carrying out remediation processes. In the Sotavento Region, state of Veracruz, Mexico, through geographic information systems, interviews with municipalities and field visits, 9 abandoned dumpsites were located: two sanitary landfills, two controlled final disposal sites called controlled dumps, and five uncontrolled final disposal sites known as open-air dumps. The results using Google Earth made it possible to determine that these dumps, as a whole, occupied an area of 366,852 m2, with an accumulated volume of waste of 2,015,500m3 and an estimated quantity of 2,498,571 tons of confined waste without control. Such results represent a series of environmental impacts that are commonly not detected and whose knowledge can be the starting point for its closure in accordance with the applicable Mexican regulations.

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    Cuji, Julio; Merino, Danny; Brito, Geovanni; Gordón, Carlos;

    Este documento revisa los modelos de sistemas de captación de energía de Radiofrecuencia (RF) a partir de la información recogida en varios artículos publicados en repositorios científicos de todo el mundo. Tiene como objetivo registrar información relevante de cada uno de ellos, como: topología del sistema, circuitos y características de cada etapa, componentes electrónicos utilizados, dimensiones, entre otros, para tabular y cotejar estos datos, con el fin de determinar cuál es el que presenta mejores características por etapa y así considerarlo para realizar una investigación profunda y mejorar su diseño para captar energía. En este estudio se utilizó una metodología dividida en cuatro fases: investigación, lectura científica, extracción de información relevante y tabulación. Una vez realizado el estudio de los sistemas seleccionados, se compararon los resultados obtenidos en cada uno y se seleccionó la topología, circuitos o elementos que obtuvieron mejores resultados para las etapas: Antena, Acoplamiento, Rectificación, Administración de energía y Almacenamiento de energía. Finalmente, se creó una aplicación para dispositivos Android en la que se encuentra toda la información recolectada y los resultados obtenidos de manera que funcione como una fuente de consulta para futuras investigaciones. This document presents a review of models of Radiofrequency (RF) energy harvesting systems, extracted from articles published in scientific repositories around the world. Its objective is to extract relevant information from each of them, such as: system topology, circuits and characteristics of each stage, electronic components used, dimensions, among others. With this information, the data is tabulated and compared, in order to determine which one has the best characteristics according to each stage and consider it to carry out a deeper investigation and improve its design to capture more energy. To carry out this study, a methodology divided into four phases was used, which are: research, scientific reading, extraction of relevant information and tabulation. Once the study of the selected systems was carried out, a comparison was made between the results obtained in each one and the topology, circuits or elements that obtained the best results for the stages of: Antenna, Coupling, Rectification, Energy Management and Storage were selected. of energy. Finally, an application for Android devices was created in which all the information collected, and results obtained are found so that it works as a reference source for future research.

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    Egas Acosta, Carlos; Revelo Vizcaino, Eduardo;

    Las redes inalámbricas de área amplia de bajo consumo energético son una tecnología clave para el desarrollo del Internet de las Cosas (IoT por sus siglas en inglés). Como todo sistema de comunicaciones inalámbricas, requiere que durante el diseño se inspeccione el lugar donde se desplegará la red para determinar las ubicaciones donde la señal es débil. Sigfox es una red con acceso inalámbrico que brinda el servicio de conectividad para Internet de las Cosas. Cuando los nodos sensores están ubicados dentro de edificios, el nivel de la señal recibida puede variar, debido a obstrucciones internas e interferencias, por lo que es necesario disponer de sistemas que tomen en cuenta las características técnicas de la red Sigfox, para medir los niveles de intensidad de la señal e identificar las ubicaciones donde no existe señal. El sistema obtiene información de los niveles de señal con el fin de identificar las ubicaciones en las cuales los nodos no tienen conectividad con la red y encontrar soluciones a este problema antes de implementar la red. La implementación del sistema utiliza nodos Sipy programados con Pymark y la nube de Sigfox, mientras que el desarrollo de la aplicación utiliza API y APIREST en el entorno de desarrollo de Visual Studio. Low-energy wireless wide-area networks are a key technology for the development of the Internet of Things. Like any wireless communications system, it requires that during the design the place where the network will be deployed be inspected to determine the locations where the signal is weak. Sigfox is a network with wireless access that provides the connectivity service for the Internet of Things. When the sensor nodes are located inside buildings, the level of the received signal can vary, due to internal obstructions and interference, so it is necessary to have systems that take into account the technical characteristics of the Sigfox network, to measure the levels. signal strength inside buildings and identify locations where there is no signal. The implemented system allows obtaining information on the signal levels inside the buildings in order to identify the locations in which the nodes do not have connectivity with the network and find solutions to this problem before implementing the network. The system implementation uses Sipy nodes programmed with Pymark and the Sigfox cloud, while the application development uses API and APIREST in the Visual Studio development environment.

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    Pacheco Gil, Henry; Jarre, Emilio; Macias, José Ricardo; Intriago, Frank; +2 Authors

    Los vehículos aéreos no tripulados (UAV) se están convirtiendo en una herramienta tecnología muy versátil en diversas áreas de aplicación para actividades del desarrollo. La topografía, como área fundamental de la ingeniería, aporta información relacionada con la ubicación tridimensional de puntos en la superficie terrestre. Este trabajo tiene por objetivo generar información topográfica, usando un UAV como alternativa tecnológica a las técnicas tradicionales. La metodología consistió en la planificación y ejecución de dos vuelos fotogramétricos con el UAV EBEB SQ, instrumentado con la cámara multiespectral Sequoia. Para ello, se colocaron cinco puntos de control en el terreno, georreferenciados con estación total, usados como puntos de control en el procesamiento de las imágenes del vuelo. Las fotografías capturadas en el vuelo, fueron procesadas mediante fotogrametría con el software PIX4Dmapper, en un computador de escritorio, con procesador Intel(R) Core (TM) i9-9900K CPU 3.60GHz y 32.0 GB de RAM. Los resultados del vuelo fotogramétrico consistieron en un total de 633 fotografías RGB en un tiempo de vuelo de 36:27 minutos, para un área de cobertura de 57.7 ha. El reporte de calidad del procesamiento indicó una precisión de 2 mm en la georreferenciación de las fotografías con los puntos de control. El procesamiento fotogramétrico se ejecutó en un tiempo de 48 minutos para generar Ortofotos, Modelo Digital del Terreno (MDT) y nube de puntos tridimensional. Los productos generados alcanzaron una resolución espacial de 5 cm/pixel, con precisiones milimétricas que permitieron gestionar información topográfica secundaria como la pendiente. La nube de puntos permitió clasificar la cobertura en vegetación y suelo, para estimar la altura del dosel del cultivo de algodón con una precisión del 91 %. Como ventajas del UAV sobre las técnicas tradicionales para levantamientos topográficos se puede destacar la variedad y precisión de los productos geoespaciales y la optimización de los tiempos. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are becoming a very versatile technology tool in several application areas for development activities. Topography, as a fundamental area of engineering, provides information related to the three-dimensional location of points on the earth's surface. The objective of this work was to generate topographic information, using UAV as a technological alternative to traditional techniques. The methodology consisted of planning and execution of two photogrammetric flights with the EBEB SQ UAV, instrumented with the Sequoia multispectral camera. Five control points were placed on the ground, georeferenced with a total station, used as control points in the processing of the flight images. The photographs captured in flight were processed by photogrammetry with PIX4Dmapper software on a desktop computer, with an Intel(R) Core (TM) i9-9900K CPU 3.60GHz processor and 32.0 GB of RAM. The photogrammetric flight results consisted of a total of 633 RGB photographs in a flight time of 36:27 minutes, for a coverage area of 57.7 ha. The processing quality report showed an accuracy of 2 mm in the georeferencing of the photographs with the control points. The photogrammetric processing was executed in a time of 48 minutes to generate Orthophotos, Digital Terrain Model (DTM) and three-dimensional point cloud. The generated products reached a spatial resolution of 5 cm/pixel, with millimeter accuracies that allowed the management of secondary topographic information such as slope. The point cloud made it possible to classify the coverage in vegetation and soil, to estimate the height of the cotton crop canopy with an accuracy of 91%. As advantages of the UAV over traditional techniques for topographic surveys, the variety and precision of geospatial products and the optimization of times can be highlighted.

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    Esteban Crespo-Martínez; Ana Vasquez-Aguilera; María Gabriela Chica Contreras; Catalina Astudillo-Rodríguez;

    Adoptar un Sistema ERP puede convertirse en una tarea que no necesariamente conlleve al éxito. En este trabajo se realiza una revisión sistemática de literatura considerando el Modelo de Aceptación Tecnológica (TAM) en una exhaustiva búsqueda en 11 bases de datos científicas, aplicando el método PRISMA. Se obtuvieron 341 artículos en total, y de estos, 53 fueron considerados como elegibles. Para cuantificar los resultados, se utilizó la herramienta Iramuteq sobre R para ejecutar el análisis de texto. Se concluye que los factores relevantes por considerar en una implementación de un ERP se resumen en la ansiedad computacional, para las cuales algunas estrategias han sido identificadas en la literatura, como un adecuado programa de formación para el usuario final, documentación, condiciones de facilitación técnica, influencia social, y motivadores organizacionales. Adopting an ERP system could become a task that does not necessarily lead to success. In this work, we have conducted a systematic review of the literature considering the technology acceptance model (TAM) in an exhaustive search of 11 scientific databases, applying the PRISMA method. A total of 341 articles were obtained, and 53 were selected as eligible. The Iramuteq tool under R was applied to perform text analysis to quantify the results. We conclude that the relevant factors to consider in implementing an ERP become the mitigation of computational anxiety. The literature identifies some strategies, such as adequate end-user formation programs, documentation, technical facilitation conditions, social influence, and organizational motivators.

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    García Quintana, Yudel;

    El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar patrones de calidad de semillas y plántulas de Switenia macrophylla King, Cedrelinga cateniformis (Ducke) Duckey y Ochroma pyramidale (Cav. ex Lam) Urb. como base para la restauración. Se realizó la prueba de viabilidad de semillas mediante Tetrazolio al 1 % (2,3,5- cloruro trifenil tetrazolio) durante tres tiempos de tinción, se consideró el porcentaje de viabilidad y niveles de vigor según el patrón topológico de tinción. Se determinó la velocidad de germinación, capacidad germinativa, e índices morfológicos de calidad de plantas, a través de la relación parte aérea-parte radical, esbeltez, grado de lignificación y calidad de Dickson. Se comprobó el mayor porcentaje de semillas viables con el máximo tiempo de tinción (3 horas). La categoría vigor medio fue superior en las tres especies, determinado por un patrón de tinción rojizo parcial como expresión de su calidad fisiológica, lo cual se reflejó en la respuesta a la germinación. Los índices de calidad morfológica permitieron identificar la potencialidad de crecimiento y desarrollo de las especies para su aclimatación al sitio. El análisis de correspondencia fue significativo (p≤0.05), lo cual facilitó la formación de grupos de calidad, resultando C. cateniformis de alta calidad como indicador de su potencialidad para cubrir las necesidades de restauración en las condiciones amazónicas. The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality patterns of Switenia macrophylla, Cedrelinga cateniformis and Ochroma pyramidale seeds and seedlings in response to restoration. The seed viability test was performed using 1 % tetrazolium (2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride) during three staining times and the percentage of viability and vigor levels were considered according to the topological staining pattern. Germination speed, germination capacity, and morphological indices of plant quality were determined using the aboveground belowground ratio, slenderness, degree of lignification and Dickson's quality. The highest percentage of viable seeds with the maximum staining time (3 hours) was verified. The medium vigor category was higher in the three species, as determined by a partial reddish staining pattern as an expression of their physiological quality, which was reflected in the response to germination. The morphological quality indices allowed us to identify the species’ potential for growth and development for acclimatization to the area. The correspondence analysis was significant (p≤0.05), which facilitated the formation of quality groups, C. cateniformis was found to be of a high-enough quality as an indicator of its potential to cover restoration needs in Amazonian conditions.

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    García Rengifo, Christian Andrés; Durán-Ballén Ochoa, Sixto;

    La cuenca hidrográfica del río Chalpi Grande se encuentra ubicada en la amazonia ecuatoriana. Esta cuenca al estar por encima de los 3200 m s.n.m posee características de ecosistemas andinos y amazónicos. La conservación de esta cuenca es de suma importancia debido a que de este río depende el abastecimiento de 2.2 m3/s para el Distrito Metropolitano de Quito. El objetivo de esta investigación es la caracterización de la variabilidad climática de 31 años (1985 – 2015) de registros de temperatura, precipitación y caudal del río Chalpi Grande en base a los registros históricos del INAMHI, EPMAPS y FONAG. Estos registros fueron sistematizados y rellenados en base a métodos estadísticos y sensores remotos para la validación de datos. La variabilidad climática muestra incrementos tanto en los comportamientos como en las tendencias de las estaciones de invierno y verano; como también en las tendencias de los parámetros climáticos que pueden ser efecto de los fenómenos atmosféricos, como el problema latente del cambio climático. The watershed basin of the Chalpi Grande River is located in the Ecuadorian Amazon. This basin, being above 3200 m a.s.l. It has characteristics of Andean and Amazonian ecosystems. The conservation of this basin is extremely important because the supply of 2.2 m3/s for the Metropolitan District of Quito depends on this river. The objective of this research is the characterization of the additional climate of 31 years (1985-2015) of records of temperature, precipitation and flow of the Chalpi Grande River based on the historical records of INAMHI, EPMAPS and FONAG. These were systematized records filled in based on statistical methods and remote sensors for data validation. The climatic temperature shows increases both in the behaviors and in the trends of the winter and summer seasons; as well as in the trends of climatic parameters that can be the effect of atmospheric phenomena, such as the latent problem of climate change.

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    Daniela Paz-Barzola; Kenny Escobar-Segovia; Samantha Jiménez-Oyola;

    El objetivo para llevar a cabo este estudio fue evaluar la calidad del suelo en los núcleos poblados cercanos a las áreas de explotación minera aurífera en el cantón Camilo Ponce Enríquez. Se analizó la concentración de metales pesados y metaloides (As, Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, y Zn) en muestras del suelo recolectadas en áreas públicas, patios, jardines y zonas de cultivo. Como resultado, se identificó que la concentración de Ni y Cr superó el límite máximo permitido (LMP) establecido en el Texto Unificado de la Legislación Secundaria Medio Ambiental del Ecuador (TULSMA) en el 100 % de las muestras analizadas, mientras que la concentración de Cu y Zn fue superior al LMP en el 90 % de los sitios de los cuales se tomó la muestra. El Cd superó el LMP en 64 % de las muestras y el As y el Pb superaron el LMP en el 26 % y 21 % de las muestras, respectivamente. El Cd, As y Pb son elementos de especial preocupación debido a su elevada toxicidad y considerable presencia en la zona de estudio. En cuanto al análisis de pH, se obtuvo valores entre 3.31 y 8.21, lo cual indica condiciones ácidas en el 60 % de las muestras de suelo, posiblemente producto de la actividad antropogénica en el área. Se detectaron fuertes correlaciones positivas entre As-Cd, Cr-Ni, Cu-Ni y correlaciones moderadas entre Cr-Cu y Pb-Zn, lo que guarda relación con la mineralización del área. El análisis de conglomerados indicó que el clúster C1, caracterizado por un alto contenido de elementos potencialmente tóxicos, se encuentra mayoritariamente al sur del área de estudio. Estos resultados preliminares pueden servir como línea base para futuras investigaciones en la zona, pues remarcan la importancia de la evaluación en la calidad de los suelos en núcleos poblados en áreas mineras. The objective of the study was to evaluate soil quality in population centers near gold mining areas. The concentration of heavy metals and metalloids (As, Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, and Zn) was analyzed in soil samples collected in public areas, yards, gardens, and cultivation areas. As a result, it was identified that the concentration of Ni and Cr exceeded the maximum permissible limit (MPL) established in the Unified Text of Secondary Environmental Legislation of Ecuador (TULSMA) in 100 % of the samples analyzed, while the concentration of Cu and Zn was higher than the MPL in 90 % of the sites sampled. Cd exceeded the MPL in 64 % of the samples, and As and Pb exceeded the MPL in 26 % and 21 % of the samples, respectively. Cd, As and Pb are elements of special concern due to their high toxicity and significant presence in the study area. Regarding pH analysis, values between 3.31 and 8.21 were obtained, indicating acidic conditions in 60 % of the soil samples, possibly as a result of anthropogenic activity in the area. Strong positive correlations were detected between As-Cd, Cr-Ni, Cu-Ni, and moderate correlations between Cr-Cu and Pb-Zn, which is related to the mineralization of the area. Cluster analysis indicated that cluster C1, characterized by a high content of potentially toxic elements, is mostly located south of the study area. These preliminary results can serve as a baseline for future research in the area, highlighting the importance of soil quality assessment in mining areas.

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    Reynaldo J. Silva Paz; Dante K. Mateo Mendoza; Amparo Eccoña Sota; Patricia A. Della Rocca; +1 Authors

    La hoja de muña se utiliza como infusión, posee propiedades farmacológicas y se usa para aliviar los síntomas digestivos y respiratorios. Por lo que, el secado es importante para la conservación y almacenamiento hasta su uso o procesamiento. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la influencia de la temperatura de secado sobre la cinética, coeficiente de difusión y las propiedades termodinámicas. Se trabajó con hojas de muña sometidos a diferentes pretratamientos (blanqueado a 1% de ácido ascórbico, inmersión en agua a 60 °C y sin pre tratamiento) secados a tres temperaturas (40, 50 y 60 °C). Se determinó el coeficiente de difusión efectiva, energía de activación y se describió el proceso de secado mediante ocho modelos matemáticos para representar la curva de secado. El modelo Logarítmico fue seleccionado como el de mayor ajuste para representar la cinética de secado de la muña. Los valores de energía de activación fueron similares entre los tratamientos. El aumento de la temperatura promueve: disminución de la entalpía y la entropía; aumento de la energía libre de Gibbs y coeficiente de difusión efectivo. Por lo tanto, es fundamental reducir el contenido de agua mediante el secado para mantener la calidad de las hojas de muña. The muña leaf is consumed as an infusion, it has pharmacological properties and is used to relieve digestive and respiratory symptoms. Therefore, drying is important for preservation and storage until use or processing. The objective of this research was to evaluate the influence of drying temperature on kinetics, diffusion coefficient and thermodynamic properties. We worked with muña leaves that were subjected to different pretreatments (bleached at 1% ascorbic acid, immersion in water at 60 ° C and without pre-treatment) dried at three temperatures (40, 50 and 60 ° C). The effective diffusion coefficient, activation energy, was determined and the drying process was described using eight mathematical models to represent the drying curve. The Logarithmic model was selected as the one with the best fit to represent the drying kinetics of the muña. Activation energy values ​​were similar between treatments. The increase in temperature promotes: decrease in enthalpy and entropy; increase in Gibbs free energy and effective diffusion coefficient. Therefore, it is essential to reduce the water content by drying to maintain the quality of the muña leaves.

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    Verdecia Acosta, Danis Manuel;

    El presente estudio se enfoca en determinar los constituyentes nutritivos, aminoacidico y el contenido de metabolitos secundarios de la harina de follaje de Tithonia diversifolia. Para esto se recolectó el material vegetal a los 70 días de rebrote. Se determinaron los porcentajes de MS, PB, P, Ca, Si, FB, FND, FAD, LAD, Cel, Hcel, CC; perfil de aminoácidos (metionina, cistina, metionina + cistina, lisina, treonina, ácido aspártico, ácido glutámico, prolina, glicina, alanina, valina, isoleucina, leucina, serina, fenilalanina, arginina, histidina), y contenido de TT, FT, TCT, TCLT, TCL, Flv, Sap, Alc, Trit y ET. Para el procesamiento estadísticos se utilizaron técnicas descriptivas (media y desviación estándar). El material vegetal de Tithonia diversifolia analizado mostró porcentajes de 22 .23, 2.62, 0.013, 45.7, y 29.8 % y 6.09 MJ/kg (PB, Ca, P, FND, FAD y EM). Para los metabolitos secundarios presentaron concentraciones de 5.35, 12.38, 13.7, 9.58, 4.15, 24.49, 0.86, 1.36, 7.71 y 10.75 g/kg MS para taninos totales, fenoles totales, taninos condesados totales, taninos condensados ligados totales, taninos condensados libres, flavonoides, alcaloides, saponinas, triterpenos y esteroides). Las mayores concentraciones de aminoácidos fueron para lisina, ácido aspártico, glutámico, prolina, glicina, alanina, valina, leucina, serina y fenilalanina con valores de 13-30 g/kg de proteína. Se concluye que la harina de follaje de Tithonia diversifolia presenta una adecuada relación en su calidad. With the objective of determining the nutritional constituents, amino acids and the content of secondary metabolites of the foliage meal of Tithonia diversifolia. For this, plant material was collected 70 days after regrowth. The percentages of DM, CP, P, Ca, Si, CF, NDF, ADF, ADL, Cel, Hcel, CC were determined; amino acid profile (methionine, cystine, methionine + cystine, lysine, threonine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, proline, glycine, alanine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, serine, phenylalanine, arginine, histidine), and content of TT, TP, TCT, TBCT, FCT, Flv, Sap, Alk, Trit and TS. For statistical processing, descriptive techniques (mean and standard deviation) were used. The plant material of Tithonia diversifolia analyzed showed percentages of 22.23, 2.62, 0.013, 45.7, and 29.8% and 6.09 MJ/kg (CP, Ca, P, NDF, ADF and ME). For the secondary metabolites, they presented concentrations of 5.35, 12.38, 13.7, 9.58, 4.15, 24.49, 0.86, 1.36, 7.71 and 10.75 g/kg MS for total tannins, total phenols, total condensed tannins, total bound condensed tannins, free condensed tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, triterpenes and total steroids). The highest concentrations of amino acids were for lysine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, proline, glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, serine and phenylalanine with values ​​of 13-30 g/kg of protein. It is concluded that the foliage meal of Tithonia diversifolia presents an adequate relation in its quality.

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    Manuel Alberto Susunaga Miranda; Benigno Ortiz Muñiz; María del Refugio Castañeda Chávez; Fabiola Lango Reynoso; +1 Authors

    En México, cuando los sitios de disposición final de residuos sólidos urbanos son clausurados o cumplen su ciclo de vida, las autoridades municipales los abandonan sin llevar a cabo procesos de remediación. En la Región de Sotavento, estado de Veracruz, México, por medio de los sistemas de información geográfica, entrevistas a los ayuntamientos y visitas de campo, se localizaron 9 basureros abandonados: dos rellenos sanitarios, dos sitios de disposición final controlados denominados tiraderos controlados, y cinco sitios de disposición final no controlados conocidos como tiraderos a cielo abierto. Los resultados utilizando Google Earth, permitieron determinar que estos basureros, en su conjunto, ocupaban un área de 366,852 m2, con un volumen de residuos acumulados de 2,015,500m3 y una cantidad estimada de 2,498,571 toneladas de desechos confinados sin control. Tales resultados representan una serie de impactos ambientales que comúnmente no son detectados y cuyo conocimiento puede ser el punto de partida para su clausura de conformidad con la normativa mexicana aplicable. In Mexico, when municipal solid waste final disposal sites are closed or complete their life cycle, municipal authorities abandon them without carrying out remediation processes. In the Sotavento Region, state of Veracruz, Mexico, through geographic information systems, interviews with municipalities and field visits, 9 abandoned dumpsites were located: two sanitary landfills, two controlled final disposal sites called controlled dumps, and five uncontrolled final disposal sites known as open-air dumps. The results using Google Earth made it possible to determine that these dumps, as a whole, occupied an area of 366,852 m2, with an accumulated volume of waste of 2,015,500m3 and an estimated quantity of 2,498,571 tons of confined waste without control. Such results represent a series of environmental impacts that are commonly not detected and whose knowledge can be the starting point for its closure in accordance with the applicable Mexican regulations.

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