G-03Flowering time data from 2003 study in the greenhouse, performed at the Kellogg Biological Station near Kalamazoo MI. Populations: 9 Individuals per pop: 22-46 Total individuals in dataset: 306 These are also the parental plants from Sahli et al., (2008.2003QstParents.csvG-04Flowering time data from 2004 common garden in the greenhouse at Kellogg Biological Station near Kalamazoo MI. Populations: 9 Individuals per population: 58-142 Total individuals in experiment: 877. There are also the offspring from Sahli et al., (2008)2004QstOffspring.csvF-12Flowering time data from a common garden field experiment in 2012 at the Kellogg Biological Station near Kalamazoo MI. Populations:42, Individuals per population: 7-50, Total number of individuals: 5122012FieldData.csvF-13Flowering time measurements from 2013 common garden in field at Michigan State University. Populations: 27, individuals per population: 10, Total number of individuals: 2702013plantsSpring.csvG1-13Flowering time data from 2013 common garden experiment in greenhouse at Kellogg Biological Station. Populations: 15, individuals per population: 10 Total individuals: 150CultivarGH2013.csvG2-13Flowering time measurements from 2013 common garden experiment in the greenhouse at Kellogg Biological Station. Populations: 9, Individuals per population: 14-30, Total individuals: 254IsraelSpainPops2013GH.csvF-05Flowering time measurements from 2005 common garden experiment in the field at Kellogg Biological Station. Populations: 6, Individuals per population: 64-88, total individuals: 442. These are also the offspring from Sahli et al., (2008)LaleField2005.csvG-10Flowering time data from 2010 common garden experiment in the greenhouse at Kellogg Biological Station. Populations: 4, Individuals per population: 8-22, Total individuals: 55Summer2010dataSummary.csvWeedEvoAll the data files and metadata files required to replicate the results of this paper. Scripts and readme are available on github https://github.com/ACharbonneau/creepy-barnacle

Approximately 200 weed species are responsible for more than 90% of crop losses and these comprise less than one percent of all named plant species, suggesting that there are only a few evolutionary routes that lead to weediness. Agricultural weeds can evolve along three main paths: they can be escaped crops, wild species, or crop-wild hybrids. We tested these three hypotheses in weedy radish, a weed of small grains and an emerging model for investigating the evolution of agricultural weeds, using 21 CAPS and SSR markers scored on 338 individuals from 34 populations representing all major species and sub-species in the radish genus Raphanus. To test for adaptation of the weeds to the agricultural environment, we estimated genetic differentiation in flowering time in a series of common garden experiments with over 2400 individuals from 43 populations (all but one of the genotyped populations plus 10 additional populations). Our findings suggest that the agricultural weed radish R.r. raphanistrum is most genetically similar to native populations of R.r. raphanistrum, and is likely not a feral crop or crop hybrid. We also show that weedy radish flowers more rapidly than any other Raphanus population or cultivar, which is consistent with rapid adaptation to the frequent and severe disturbance that characterizes agricultural fields.