1. Environmental stress can influence species traits and performance considerably. Using a seaweed-snail system from NW (Nova Scotia) and NE (Helgoland) Atlantic rocky shores, we examined how physical stress (wave exposure) modulates traits in the seaweed Fucus vesiculosus and indirectly in its main consumer, the periwinkle Littorina obtusata. 2. In both regions, algal tissue toughness increased with wave exposure. Reciprocal-transplant experiments showed that tissue toughness adjusts plastically to the prevailing level of wave exposure. 3. Choice experiments tested the feeding preference of snails from sheltered, exposed, and very exposed habitats for algae from such wave exposures. Snails from exposed and very exposed habitats consumed algal tissues at similar rates irrespective of the exposure of origin of the algae. However, snails from sheltered habitats consumed less algal tissues from very exposed habitats than tissues from sheltered and exposed habitats. Choice assays using reconstituted algal food (triturated during preparation) identified high thallus toughness as the explanation for the low preference of snails from sheltered habitats for algae from very exposed habitats. 4. Ultrastructural analyses of radulae indicated that rachidian teeth were longest and the number of cusps in lateral teeth (grazing-relevant traits) was highest in snails from very exposed habitats, suggesting that radulae are best suited to rupture tough algal tissues in such snails. 5. No-choice feeding experiments revealed that these radular traits are also phenotypically plastic, as they adjust to the toughness of the algal food. 6. Synthesis. This study indicates that the observed plasticity in the feeding ability of snails is mediated by wave exposure through phenotypic plasticity in the tissue toughness of algae. Thus, plasticity in consumers and their resource species may reduce the potential effects of physical stress on their interaction.

Measurements on the rocky shores in Tor Bay, Nova Scotia, Canada (between 45.10644-45.11153 N and 61.21160-61.21700 W) and Helgoland (Helgoland (Bunker: 54.18806 N, 7.87436 E; Augusta Mole: 54.18931 N 7.89972 E; Nord-Ost Hafen, 54.18311 N, 7.88947 E, and Südhafen, 54.17819 N, 7.89417 E) to quantify1. maximum water velocity2. puncture force of Fucus vesiculosus thalli from sites of different wave exposure3. Littorina obtusata consumption of Fucus vesiculosus (fresh (both shores) and reconsituted (only Nova Scotia) from sites of different wave exposure 4. morphological traits (central teeth cusp length, number of cusps on lateral teeth) of field collected Littorina obtusata radula from different sites of wave exposure (only Nova Scotia) 5. morphological traits (central teeth cusp length, number of cusps on lateral teeth) of the Littorina obtusata radula from different sites of wave exposure feed with Fucus vesiculosus from different sites of wave exposre (only Nova Scotia)

Supplement to: Molis, Markus; Scrosati, Ricardo A; El-Belely, Ehab F; Lesniowski, Thomas; Wahl, Martin (2015): Wave-induced changes in seaweed toughness entail plastic modifications in snail traits maintaining consumption efficacy. Journal of Ecology, 103(4), 851-859