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Diet is a major factor determining gut microbiota composition and perturbances in this complex ecosystem are associated with the inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Here, we used gnotobiotic approach to analyze, how interaction between diet rich in proteins and gut microbiota influences the sensitivity to intestinal inflammation in murine model of ulcerative colitis. We found that diet rich in animal protein (aHPD) exacerbates acute dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis while diet rich in plant protein (pHPD) does not. The deleterious effect of aHPD was also apparent in chronic DSS colitis and was associated with distinct changes in gut bacteria and fungi. Therefore, we induced acute DSS-colitis in germ-free mice and transferred gut microbiota from aCD or aHPD fed mice to find that this effect requires presence of microbes and aHPD at the same time. The aHPD did not change the number of regulatory T cells or Th17 cells and still worsened the colitis in immuno-deficient RAG2 knock-out mice suggesting that this effect was not dependent on adaptive immunity. The pro-inflammatory effect of aHPD was, however, abrogated when splenic macrophages were depleted with clodronate liposomes. This treatment prevented aHPD induced increase in colonic Ly-6C(high) pro-inflammatory monocytes, but the ratio of resident Ly-6C(-/low) macrophages was not changed. These data show that the interactions between dietary protein of animal origin and gut microbiota increase sensitivity to intestinal inflammation by promoting pro-inflammatory response of monocytes.

In this paper, we present an interactive approach for intuitively editing colors and opacity values in transfer functions for volume visualization. We introduce the concept of a relative visibility histogram, which represents the difference between the global visibility distribution across the full volume and the local visibility distribution within a user-selected region in the viewport. From this measure, we can infer what subset of the 3D volume the user intends to select when they click on a region in the 2D rendered image of the data set, and use this to modify relevant parts of the transfer function. We use this selection mechanism for two alternative purposes. The first is to allow output-driven editing of the transfer function, whereby a user can change the opacity values and colors of features without directly having to manipulate the transfer function itself. The second is to extract visually dominant features in any user-selected region of interest, so that the user may individually edit their appearance and then merge these to create new transfer functions. Our approach is lightweight compared to similar techniques and performs in real-time.

Tato práce na téma "Cybercrime a směřování jeho právní úpravy v mezinárodním právu a právu Evropské unie" pojednává o aspektech a specifikách kyberkriminality a ochrany před ní. Snaží se zachytit současnou právní úpravu dané problematiky a nastínit její možný, předpokládaný, či zamýšlený vývoj v blízké budoucnosti. Vychází z povahy právní limitace lidského chování v protikladu k přirozené svobodě lidských jedinců a jejich práva na sebeurčení, v tomto případě informačnímu. Nutná je zprvu shoda na definici kyberkriminality a kyberbezpečnosti, tedy přesné vymezení vlastního předmětu právní úpravy, s přihlédnutím k odlišnostem ve vývoji právní kultury v jednotlivých zemích, a možnostem, které mají na poli informačních technologií. Obhájeno Thesis on "Cybercrime and its reflections in international and European Union's legal regulations" deals with aspects and specifics of cybercrime and defence againts it. It tries to chronicle recent enactment and outline its possible, expected or intended developement in a near future. It sequents on a nature of law limitation of mankind's behavior and its collision with a human being's natural freedom and its privilege for informational self-determination. First are needed a consensual definitions of cybercrime and cybersecurity, therefore exact delimitation of very subject matter of legal regulations, with regard to varyings in developement of law culture in particular states and theirs potential on the field of IT technologies.

Events where the two leading jets are separated by a pseudorapidity interval devoid of particle activity, known as jet-gap-jet events, are studied in proton-proton collisions at √s=13 TeV. The signature is expected from hard color-singlet exchange. Each of the highest transverse momentum (pT) jets must have pjetT>40 GeV and pseudorapidity 1.40.2 GeV in the interval |η|<1 between the jets are observed in excess of calculations that assume only color-exchange. The fraction of events produced via color-singlet exchange, fCSE, is measured as a function of pjet2T, the pseudorapidity difference between the two leading jets, and the azimuthal angular separation between the two leading jets. The fraction fCSE has values of 0.4–1.0%. The results are compared with previous measurements and with predictions from perturbative quantum chromodynamics. In addition, the first study of jet-gap-jet events detected in association with an intact proton using a subsample of events with an integrated luminosity of 0.40 pb−1 is presented. The intact protons are detected with the Roman pot detectors of the TOTEM experiment. The fCSE in this sample is 2.91±0.70(stat)+1.08−1.01(syst) times larger than that for inclusive dijet production in dijets with similar kinematics. Individuals have received support from the Marie-Curie program and the European Research Council and Horizon 2020 Grant, Contract No. 675440, No. 724704, No. 752730, and No. 765710 (European Union); CERN; the Programa Estatal de Fomento de la Investigación Científica y Tecnica de Excelencia María de Maeztu, Grant No. MDM-2015-0509 and the Programa Severo Ochoa del Principado de Asturias. CMS Collaboration, TOTEM Collaboration: et al. Funded by SCOAP3. Peer reviewed

Tento protokol nastiňuje výzkum, který zkoumá vnímání dopadu COVID-19 na osoby s mentálním a vývojovým postižením a jejich pečovatele ze strany rodinných příslušníků a placených zaměstnanců. Důkazy naznačují, že lidé s mentálním a vývojovým postižením zažívají rozdíly v přístupu ke zdravotní péči a využívání. Tento rozdíl byl patrný na počátku pandemie, kdy se objevily diskuse o možném vyloučení této populace z kritické péče. Metody: anonymní online průzkum bude proveden s pečovateli, jak rodinnými příslušníky, tak placeným personálem, aby prozkoumal jejich vnímání dopadu COVID-19 z hlediska demografie, životních podmínek, přístupu ke službám, sociálního distancování a péče o životní pohodu. Průzkum bude vypracován výzkumným týmem, z nichž mnozí jsou odborníky na mentální postižení ve svých vlastních zemích. Pomocí dvojího překladu náš tým přeloží průzkum pro distribuci v 18 zemích po celém světě pro mezinárodní srovnání. Výzkumný tým má rozsáhlé osobní a profesionální kontakty a bude průzkum široce propagovat na sociálních sítích s podporou místních poskytovatelů sociálních služeb pro osoby se zdravotním postižením a organizací zdravotně postižených. Budou provedeny statistické popisné a srovnávací analýzy. Etické schválení pro tuto studii získala Etická komise pro lidský výzkum (HS-20-28-Linehan) na University College Dublin. Diseminace výsledků: Výsledky studie budou připraveny v řadě formátů, aby vyhovovaly potřebám různých cílových skupin. Výstupy budou zahrnovat akademické práce, získané poznatky, pokyny pro praxi, zprávy, infografiku a video. Tyto výstupy budou zaměřeny na rodiny, management poskytovatelů sociálních služeb v oblasti zdravotního postižení, tvůrce politik na vnitrostátní úrovni, orgány pro kvalitu a poskytování zdravotní péče, vnitrostátní pandemické organizace a mezinárodní orgány. This protocol outlines research to explore family members’ and paid staff’s perceptions of the impact of COVID-19 on individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities and their caregivers. Evidence suggests that people with intellectual and developmental disabilities experience disparities in healthcare access and utilisation. This disparity was evident early in the pandemic when discussions arose regarding the potential exclusion of this population to critical care. Methods : An anonymous online survey will be conducted with caregivers, both family members and paid staff, to explore their perceptions of the impact of COVID-19 in terms of demographics, living arrangements, access to services, social distancing, and carer wellbeing. The survey will be developed by the research team, many of whom are experts in intellectual disability within their own jurisdictions. Using back-translation our team will translate the survey for distribution in 18 countries worldwide for international comparison. The survey team have extensive personal and professional networks and will promote the survey widely on social media with the support of local disability and advocacy agencies. Statistical descriptive and comparative analyses will be conducted. Ethical approval has been obtained for this study from University College Dublin’s Human Research Ethics Committee (HS-20-28-Linehan). Dissemination : Study findings will be prepared in a number of formats in order to meet the needs of different audiences. Outputs will include academic papers, lessons learned paper, practice guidelines, reports, infographics and video content. These outputs will be directed to families, frontline and management delivering disability services, national-level policy makers, healthcare quality and delivery authorities, national pandemic organisations and international bodies.

Traditionally, fieldbus networks are operated in closed environments, where all communication nodes are assumed to be trustworthy. Therefore, the corresponding standards do not consider any security requirements. New technology trends, such as the upcoming Internet of Things (IoT), demand an interconnection between all components of an industrial infrastructure. As a consequence of this, there is a need for tools enabling security assessments and the simulation of protocol-based security improvements. In this paper we introduce Logboat, a flexible Python and Linux based simulation framework for security assessments on Controller Area Network (CAN) networks and make some architectural and technology-selection proposals. Subsequently, the different modules of Logboat and their capabilities are explained and a use case scenario is presented. The paper concludes with an outlook on upcoming research activities on CAN bus security where the presented framework can be of help.

Prohledávání dokumentů podle automaticky extrahovaných vzorů je problém z oblasti information retrieval. Lze ho také nalézt pod pojmy jako rozpoznávání nebo vyhledávání slov v ručně psyných dokumentech. V anglické literatuře je nejčastěji použit termín word spotting. Toto prohledávání je děleno podle vstupního kritéria, kterým může být obrazový vzor (dále jako QbE) nebo textový řetězec (dále jako QbS). Při prohledávání se snažíme na základě vstupního kritéria nalézt obrázky s odpovídajícím slovem. Úspěšné vyřešení by usnadnilo práci např. v situaci, kdy má historik najít v kronice, která obsahuje 1 000 stran textu, všechny zmínky o klášteře v Teplé. Cílem této práce je návrh a implementace metod, které umožní vyhledávání těchto slov. Předpokladem je předem provedená segmentace dokumentu na obrázky slov. K dosažení tohoto cíle jsou použity neuronové sítě. Tato práce vznikla za podpory projektů CERIT Scientific Cloud (LM2015085) a CESNET_ (LM2015042) financovaných z programu MŠMT Projekty velkých infrastruktur pro VaVaI.

The quality of TRNG designs mainly depends on the grade of the noise source from which the entropy will be harvested to extract randomness. Especially for purely digital noise sources suitable for FPGA implementations the use of Ring Oscillators is suggested in many scientific publications. Standard Ring Oscillator based noise sources however have earned some criticism regarding the amount of entropy generated. On this account different enhancements have been proposed, with Fibonacci Ring Oscillators (FIROs) and Galois Ring Oscillators (GAROs) being prominent examples, which under some circumstances are able to sustain a chaotic oscillation suitable for entropy extraction. This paper deals with the assessment of fully constrained FIRO and GARO noise source designs for a specific target FPGA. Due to the restrictive placement of ring elements the assessment yielded new criteria for choosing proper FIRO/GARO feedback configurations and an enhanced sampling method for entropy extraction has been derived.