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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Ercek, Ersel; Alkan, Ahmet Dursun; Çiftçi, Ibrahim Günay; Çelebi, Serdar S.; +1 Authors

    Supported by the Embassy of Azerbaijan in Switzerland, this initiative aims to bring together stakeholders globally to tackle environmental challenges in the Caspian Sea region.Commencing at ADA University on June 10-11, 2024, the inaugural workshop marks the start of discussions ahead of COP29 Azerbaijan in November 2024, underscoring its importance and alignment with international climate goals. With a primary focus on enhancing resilience and sustainability of the relatively unexplored Caspian Sea, the event serves as a crucial platform for interdisciplinary collaboration among scientists, policymakers, and industry leaders, highlighting the principles of sustainable development and environmental stewardship.Continuing the momentum from Baku, plans are underway for the 2nd workshop to convene in Switzerland in September 2024. These series of workshops underscore Azerbaijan’s commitment to fostering international cooperation in studying the Caspian Sea and its connected region, paving the way for a better tomorrow.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Yildiz Technical Uni...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Yildiz Technical Uni...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Yurtseven, Cemi̇l Emre;

    Aim: In today's world, the prevalence of diabetes mellitus is increasing steadily. We still have limited knowledge regarding the specific effects of acute glucosuria, a hallmark of the disease, on the lower urinary tract. While chronic damage to the lower urinary tract in diabetic patients, such as microangiopathy and neuropathy, is well-known, the effects of acute glucosuria remain unclear. This study, being the first of its kind in the available literature, aims to investigate the early effects of glucosuria on the bladder in a comparative manner, both functionally and histopathologically, in diabetic and non-diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: A total of 40 Wistar Albino rats were divided into four equal groups. One group was designated as the sham group. The second group received oral gavage of empagliflozin (30 mg/kg), an SGLT2 inhibitor, for 15 days. The remaining two groups were made diabetic by administering streptozotocin (50 mg/kg). One of the diabetic groups received empagliflozin (30 mg/kg) for 15 days, while the other group did not receive any treatment. On the 15th day, euthanasia was performed, and the bladders of the rats were removed for organ bath studies and histopathological examination. The collected data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics software, version 23.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). Results: In the organ bath studies, a significant increase in the response to potassium chloride was observed in the diabetic group receiving empagliflozin compared to the diabetic group without the medication and the sham group (p0.001). When examining the contraction responses to acetylcholine, it was found that the diabetic group receiving empagliflozin exhibited significantly higher contraction responses at concentrations of 10-7 and higher compared to the diabetic group (p0.001). In the electrical field stimulation studies, no significant difference was found between the groups. Histopathological examinations revealed a significant muscularis propria hypertrophy in the groups receiving empagliflozin compared to the sham group (p0.001). Conclusions: In our study, we found that short-term treatment with empagliflozin increased the receptor-independent contractile capacity of the bladders in diabetic rats and enhanced their contraction responses to acetylcholine. However, there was no significant difference observed in the electrical field stimulation studies. Histopathological analysis revealed the development of detrusor hypertrophy in rats receiving empagliflozin treatment. Keywords: Renal Glycosuria, Diabetes Mellitus, Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors, Overactive Bladder, Hypertrophy. Amaç: Günümüzde diabetes mellitus her geçen gün daha çok görülmektedir. Alt üriner sistemi kronik süreçte ciddi etkileyen bu hastalığın akut glukozüri sürecindeki etkileriyle ilgili çok net bilgi sahibi değiliz. Diyabetik hastalarda mikroanjiyopati ve nöropati gibi yolaklarla olan kronik alt üriner sistem hasarlanmaları bilinse de bahsi geçen konu hala muallaktır. Bu çalışma ulaşılabilir literatürde konu ile ilgili yapılan ilk çalışma olmakla beraber, diyabet olan ve olmayan ratlarda karşılaştırmalı olarak mesaneye erken etkilerinin fonksiyonel ve histopatolojik olarak araştırıldığı bir çalışmadır. Gereç ve Yöntem: 40 adet Wistar Albino rat 4 eşit gruba ayrıldı. Bir grup sham grubu olarak belirlendi. 2. gruba 15 gün boyunca SGLT2 inhibitörü olan empagliflozin (30 mg/kg) oral gavaj yolu ile verildi. Diğer iki gruptaki ratlar streptozosin (50 mg/kg) ile diyabetik hale getirildi. Diyabet olan gruplardan birine 15 gün süre ile empagliflozin (30 mg/kg) verilirken diğer gruba verilmedi. 15. günde ötanazi uygulanan ratların mesaneleri çıkarılarak organ banyosu çalışmaları yapıldı ve histopatolojik olarak incelendi. Çalışma kapsamında toplanan veriler IBM Sosyal Bilimler için veri analizi programı paket versiyon 23.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY) ile analiz edildi. Bulgular: Yapılan organ banyosu çalışmalarında diyabet olup empagliflozin alan grupta, sadece empagliflozin alan gruba ve sham grubuna göre anlamlı derecede potasyum klorüre yanıt artışı saptanmıştır(p0,001). Asetilkoline verilen kasılma yanıtları incelendiğinde 10-7 ve daha yüksek derişimlerde empagliflozin alan diyabetik grubun, diyabet olan gruba göre anlamlı olarak daha yüksek kasılma yanıtları verdiği bulunmuştur(p0,001). Yapılan elektriksel alan stimülasyonu çalışmalarında gruplar arasında anlamlı bir fark bulunamamıştır. Histopatolojik incelemeler neticesinde empagliflozin alan gruplarda sham grubuna göre anlamlı derece muskularis propriya hipertrofisi izlenmiştir(p0,001). Sonuç: Yaptığımız çalışmada kısa vadede empagliflozin tedavisi alan diyabetik ratların mesanelerinin reseptör bağımsız kasılma kapasitelerinin ve asetilkoline verdikleri kasılma yanıtlarının arttığını bulduk. Yapılan elektriksel alan stimülasyonu çalışmalarında anlamlı bir fark olmadığını saptadık. Histopatolojik çalışmalarda empagliflozin tedavisi alan ratlarda detrüsör hipertrofisi geliştiğini tespit ettik. Anahtar Kelimeler: Renal Glukozüri, Diabetes Mellitus, Sodyum-Glukoz Transporter 2 İnhibitörleri, Aşırı Aktif Mesane, Hipertrofi.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Ege University Insti...arrow_drop_down
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    BURS-VE-SOSYAL-YARDIM-YÖNERGESİ

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Kapadokya University...arrow_drop_down
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Kapadokya University...arrow_drop_down
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Işler Hayirli, Dilek;

    Loss Series 1: Coping with Pet Bereavement: My Forever Love for My Beautiful Cat, ‘Timi’ is definitely not a farewell; it is only a love letter for my beloved cat who got lost on January 15, 2023, days after a magnitude 5.6 earthquake hit southern Türkiye. Like my country, I was also shaken deeply, and like the buildings, my heart almost collapsed. I lost not only one of my students (because of the earthquake) but also my cat. The weight of these two losses was (and has been) too heavy for me to carry. This piece is the first of the letter series that I am going to publish. This is my way of holding on to her memories. Since then, I have lost many more things and people. This is how I grieve. The next ones will be about the other losses I have experienced.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Ankara Yıldırım Beya...arrow_drop_down
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Ankara Yıldırım Beya...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Aydinlioğlu, Hakan Mehmet;

    Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has drastically changed both the world order and our daily lives. This situation, which affects every aspect of life, has also caused significant changes in education systems. Schools have started to switch to distance education systems. Children and adolescents were also very affected by this new situation. Opinions have developed that this change in environmental factors also affects cognitive processes (especially those related to higher executive functions and social cognition). The effect of internet communication, information exchange, communication and screen exposure on our cognitive functions is unclear. There are few studies in the literature on the effects of internet and screen interactions of children and adolescents on their cognition and social cognition. There is much less research on the effects of distance education systems on students' cognition. Humans are social beings by nature. In the distance education system, the need for socialization, which is necessary for the socio-cognitive development and functionality of the students, will not be met face to face with the school system, and this deficiency will be tried to be eliminated in the virtual environment. Research on the effects of distance education will shed light on the effects of this system, which is likely to continue to be used in the future, on people. Objective: This research was planned in order to evaluate the effects of distance education on the social cognition, internet addiction and academic motivation of 8th grade students, and secondarily to examine the relationship between related sociodemographic and other data. Method: Participation in our study's first stage started in January 2021, when the students were receiving uninterrupted distance education for a minimum of 4 months, and until March, the participation of 122 students and their parents was completed. In the first stage, the ix parents took the socio-demographic data form containing the relevant data, then the social responsiveness scale and the conners parent rating scale renewed forms, the students the socio-demographic form, the mind-reading test, the faces test, the cognitive, emotional and bodily empathy scale for children, the Bapint internet They completed the addiction form and the academic motivation scale. The second phase of our study started in June 2021 with the participation of 37 of the students who participated in the first phase, while they were receiving face-to-face education for a minimum of 3.5 months. At this stage, after the parents filled in only a short socio-demographic form, the students completed all the same scales. Due to the pandemic, all work was done through Google forms. Results: It has been observed that the majority of students and parents prefer face-to-face education. The frequency of extracurricular internet use in the face-to-face education group was found to be significantly higher than the distance education group. There was no statistically significant relationship between academic motivation, social cognition skills, and internet addiction scores between the distance education and face-to-face education groups. It has been determined that students exhibit higher academic achievement in face-to-face education. The girls' theory of mind and empathy skills were found to be higher than boys. There was a positive relationship between academic achievement and social cognition skills and academic motivation, and a negative relationship with internet addiction. There was a positive relationship between the number of siblings; empathy and academic motivation, and a negative relationship between internet addiction. There was a negative relationship between the duration of extracurricular internet use and empathy and academic motivation scores, and a positive relationship between internet addiction scores. A negative relationship was found between internet addiction and academic motivation while the student was receiving distance or face-to-face education. Discussion: The findings we obtained as a result of our study showed the effects of distance education on social cognition, academic motivation and internet addiction. The effects of this new environment on health and well-being will be revealed in future studies. Giriş: COVİD-19 salgını hem dünya düzenini hem de günlük yaşantımızı büyük ölçüde değiştirdi. Hayatın her alanını etkileyen bu durum öğretim sistemlerinde de önemli değişimlere neden oldu. Okullar uzaktan eğitim sistemlerine geçmeye başladılar. Çocuk ve ergenler de bu yeni durumdan çok etkilendiler. Özellikle çevresel faktörlerdeki bu değişimin bilişsel süreçleri de (özellikle yüksek yönetici işlevler ve sosyal biliş ile ilgili olanlar) etkilediği yönünde görüşler gelişti. İnternetin iletişim, bilgi alışverişi, haberleşme ve ekran maruziyetinin bilişsel fonksiyonlarımıza etkisi belirsizdir. Yazında çocuk ve ergenlerin internetle ve ekranla etkileşimlerinin onların bilişlerine ve sosyal bilişlerine etkileriyle ilgili az sayıda çalışma vardır. Uzaktan eğitim sistemlerinin öğrencilerin bilişlerine etkileriyle ilgili çok daha az sayıda araştırma vardır. İnsanlar doğaları gereği sosyal varlıklardır. Uzaktan eğitim sisteminde öğrencilerin sosyo bilişsel gelişimi ve işlevselliği için gerekli olan sosyalleşme ihtiyacı okul sistemiyle yüz yüze olarak karşılanamayacak olup bu eksiklik sanal ortamda giderilmeye çalışılacaktır. Uzaktan eğitimin etkileri konusunda yapılacak araştırmalar ileride kullanılmaya devam edilmesi olası bu sistemin insanlara olan etkilerine ışık tutacaktır. Amaç: Uzaktan eğitimin, 8.sınıf öğrencilerinin sosyal bilişleri, internet bağımlılıkları ve akademik güdülenmelerine olan etkilerini değerlendirmek, ikincil olarak da ilgili sosyodemografik ve diğer verilerin birbirleriyle ilişkisini incelemek amacıyla bu araştırma planlanmıştır. Yöntem: Çalışmamızın ilk aşamasına katılımlar 2021 yılı ocak ayında öğrenciler minimum 4 aydır kesintisiz uzaktan eğitim aldıkları esnada başlamış olup mart ayına kadar 122 öğrenci ve ebeveyninin katılımı tamamlanmıştır. İlk aşamada ebeveynler ilgili verileri içeren sosyo demografik veri formu, sonrasında da sosyal cevaplılık ölçeği ve conners ana baba dereceleme ölçeği yenilenmiş formlarını, öğrenciler ise sosyo demografik formu, gözlerden zihin okuma testini, yüzler testini, çocuklar için bilişsel duygusal ve bedensel empati ölçeğini, vii Bapint internet bağımlılığı formunu ve akademik güdülenme ölçeğini doldurmuşlardır. Çalışmamızın ikinci aşaması 2021 yılı haziran ayında ilk aşamaya katılan öğrencilerden 37'sinin minimum 3,5 aydır yüz yüze eğitim gördükleri esnada katılımlarıyla başlamıştır. Bu aşamada veliler sadece kısa bir sosyo demografik form doldurduktan sonra, öğrenciler aynı ölçeklerin tamamını doldurmuşlardır. Pandemi nedeniyle tüm çalışma Google formları üzerinden yapılmıştır. Bulgular: Öğrencilerin ve velilerin büyük çoğunluğunun yüz yüze eğitimi tercih ettikleri görülmüştür. Yüz yüze eğitim alan grupta ders dışı internet kullanım sıklığı uzaktan eğitim alan gruptan anlamlı derecede daha fazla olarak saptanmıştır. Uzaktan eğitim alan ve yüz yüze eğitim alan gruplar arasında akademik güdülenme, sosyal biliş becerileri, internet bağımlılık puanları arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı ilişki saptanmamıştır. Yüz yüze eğitimde öğrencilerin daha yüksek akademik başarı sergilediği saptanmıştır. Kızların zihin kuramı ve empati becerileri erkeklerden daha yüksek olarak saptanmıştır. Akademik başarı ile sosyal biliş becerileri ve akademik güdülenme arasında pozitif yönde, internet bağımlılığı ile negatif yönde anlamlı ilişkiler saptanmıştır. Kardeş sayısı ile empati, akademik güdülenme arasında pozitif yönlü, internet bağımlılığı arasında negatif yönlü anlamlı ilişki saptanmıştır. Ders dışı internet kullanım süresi ile empati, akademik güdülenme skorları arasında negatif, internet bağımlılığı skorları arasında pozitif yönde ilişki saptanmıştır. Öğrenci uzaktan veya yüz yüze eğitim aldığı esnamda internet bağımlılığı ile akademik güdülenme arasında negatif bir ilişki saptanmıştır. Tartışma: Çalışmamızın sonucunda elde ettiğimiz bulgular uzaktan eğitimin sosyal biliş, akademik güdülenme ve internet bağımlılığına olan etkilerini göstermiştir. Bu yeni ortamın sağlık ve esenlik üzerine yaratabileceği etkiler ilerideki çalışmalarla ortaya konulacaktır.

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    Authors: Gündüz, Mustafa;
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    Authors: Tokgöz, Leyla;
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    Authors: Taş, Begüm Yuluğ;

    Giriş: Sosyal biliş, bireyin kendisi ve başkaları arasındaki sosyal etkileşimleriyle ilgili zihinsel süreçleri açıklayan bir kavramdır. Otizm Spektrum Bozukluğu'nun (OSB) androjen teorisi, prenatal androjenlerin fetal beyin üzerindeki erkeksi etkilere sahip olabileceğini ve otistik özelliklerin öncüsü olabileceğini öne sürmektedir. Doğum öncesi androjen maruziyeti olan Konjenital Adrenal Hiperplazi (KAH) tanısı olan bireylerin biyohormonal açıdan sağlıklı Cinsiyet Disforisi (CD) tanılı olgular ile arasındaki sosyal biliş ve otistik özellikler açısından nasıl farklılıklar gösterebileceği merak konusudur. Amaç: İntrauterin androjen maruziyeti olan cinsiyet kimliği kız olarak belirlenmiş çocuk endokrinolojisi tarafından takipli çocuk ve ergenlerin, androjen maruziyeti olmayan ancak kendini erkek cinsiyetine ait hisseden kız çocukların sosyal bilişsel beceriler ve otistik özellikler açısından karşılaştırılması ve ayrıca biyohormonal açıdan sağlıklı kontrol grubuna göre farklılıklarının ortaya konulması amaçlanmıştır. Yöntem: Çalışmamız kesitsel tipte bir araştırma olup olgu alımı için çocuk endokrinoloji birimi ile birlikte çalışılmıştır. Olgu grubu olarak sadece doğumdaki cinsiyet tayini kız olan olgular dahil edilmiştir. Olgular 11-18 yaş arasında olup CD (n=35), KAH (n=29) ve sosyodemografik açıdan eşleştirilmiş sağlıklı kontrol (SK) (n=34) grupları oluşturulmuştur. Olgulara araştırmacılar tarafından hazırlanmış detaylı aile, okul ve sosyal yaşam özelliklerini değerlendiren sosyodemografik veri formu uygulanmıştır. Gruplar KSADS ile değerlendirildikten sonra eşlik eden psikiyatrik belirtilerinin olması durumunda, bu bulguların işlevselliği ne kadar etkilediğini değerlendirmek amacıyla GDÖ kullanılmıştır. Değerlendirme yaparken, sosyal biliş becerileri için Gözlerden Zihin Okuma Testi (GZOT), Yüzler Testi (YT), Beklenmeyen Sonuçlar Testi (BST) uygulanmıştır. Olgulara ayrıca Duygu Düzenlemede Güçlükler Ölçeği (DDGÖ), Çocuklarda Depresyon Ölçeği (ÇDÖ), Adolesan/Yetişkin Duyu Profili Ölçeği (AYDP) doldurtulmuştur. Tüm olguların ailelerine olguların klinik durumu değerlendirmek için Otizm Spektrum Tarama Ölçeği (OSTÖ), DEHB Ölçeği, Güçler ve Güçlükler Anketi (GGA), Çocuk Empati-Sistematize Ölçeği (EÖ-SÖ) doldurtulmuştur. Olgu grubuna ve ebeveynlerine uygulanan değerlendirmelerin hepsi sağlıklı kontrol grubuna ve ebeveynlerine de uygulanmıştır. Bulgular: Araştırmamızda tüm gruplar KSAD-S ile değerlendirilmiş olup ek psikiyatrik tanı varlığı açısından karşılaştırılmıştır. Cinsiyet Disforisi grubunda yüksek bulunmuştur (p0,001). Sosyal algıyı ölçmek için uygulanan YT'de 'şaşkınlık' emosyonunu ifade eden alt puanlarda, KAH ve kontrol grubu farklılaşmıştır (p=0,035). GZOT ve BST'de ise kontrol grubu CD ve KAH grubundan yüksek puan almıştır (p=0,006, p0.001). OSTÖ puanı açısında CD grubu puanlarının kontrol grubuna göre yüksek çıktığı (p=0,002) görülmüştür. AYDP'de duyusal hassasiyet alt grubunda KAH grubu, CD ve kontrol grubuna göre düşük puan almıştır (p=0,015, p0,001). Duyusal arayış alt grubunda ölçek puanları açısından KAH CD Kontrol olarak sıralama göstermiştir (p0,001). Duyusal kaçış alt grubunda CD grubu, KAH grubuna göre anlamlı ölçüde yüksek puan almıştır (p=0,029). Düşük kayıt alt grubunda ise CD grubu, kontrol grubuna göre yüksek puan almıştır (p=0,025). EÖ'de kontrol grubu KAH grubuna göre yüksek puan alırken, SÖ'de ise kontrol grubu CD grubuna göre yüksek puan aldığı saptanmıştır (p=0,033, p=0,005). DDGÖ'nde total puan açısından değerlendirdiğimizde, gruplar arasında fark olduğu görülmüştür (p=0,001). CD grubunun diğer gruplara göre yüksek puan aldığı (p=0,011, p=0,001), KAH ve kontrol grubu ise benzer görülmüştür (p>0,05). ÇDÖ total puanına göre ise CD grubu, diğer gruplara göre daha yüksek puan almıştır (p=0,007, p0,001). Sonuç: İnsan yaşamında cinsiyet, cinsel kimlik ve sosyal biliş becerileri etkileşim içindedir. İntrauterin androjen maruziyeti olan ve cinsiyet disforisi tanısı olan bireylere yönelik sosyal biliş becerileri açısından müdehale programlarına gereksinim duyulabilir. Bu tür olgularda multidisipliner yaklaşım ve ekip çalışması, olguların biyolojik ve psikososyal yönden gelişmesi açısından önemlidir. Introduction: Social cognition is a concept that represents mental processes related to interpersonal social interaction. Prenatal androgens may have masculinizing effects on the fetal brain and may be precursors of autistic traits, according to the androgen theory of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In this study, female patients with a diagnosis of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) who were exposed to prenatal androgens and biologically female patients with a diagnosis of gender dysphoria (GD) and cisgender females (CF) control group were compared in terms of social cognition skills and autistic characteristics. Aim: The aim of this study is to compare female children and adolescents with intrauterine androgen exposure and followed up by pediatric endocrinology, to biological females with gender dysphoria and cisgendered females in terms of social cognitive skills and autistic characteristics. Method: Our study included 98 female cases aged 11 to 18 with GD (n=35), CAH (n=29), and CF (n=34). A sociodemographic data form, which evaluated detailed family, school, and social life characteristics, prepared by the researchers, was applied to the cases. After all groups were evaluated with the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (K-SADS), The Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) was used to evaluate how these findings affected the patients' functionality in case of accompanying sub-threshold psychiatric symptoms. Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET), Faces Test (FT), and Comprehension Test (CT) were applied to measure social cognition skills. The cases also completed the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), Children's Depression Inventory (CDI), and Adolescent/Adult Sensory Profile (ASSP). Autism Spectrum Screening Questionnaire (ASSQ), Empathy Quotient (EQ), and Systemising Quotient (SQ), Turgay DSM-IV-Based Child and Adolescent Disruptive Behavior Disorders Screening and Rating Scale , The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), were filled in by the parents Results: In our study, all our groups were evaluated with K-SADS and evaluated in terms of the presence of psychiatric diagnosis, and the presence of psychiatric diagnosis was found to be higher in GD group (p0.001). In the sub-scores expressing the emotion of surprise in the FT applied to measure social perception, HR and control groups differed among themselves (p=0.035). On the other hand, the control group scored significantly higher than the GD and CAH groups in RMET and CT (p=0.006, p0.001). It was observed that the GD group ASSQ scores were significantly higher than the control group (p=0.002). In the sensory sensitivity subgroup of ASSP, the CAH group scored significantly lower than the GD and control groups (p=0.015, p0.001). In the sensory seeking subgroup, scale scores were ranked as CAH GD Control (p0.001). In the sensory avoidance subgroup, the GD group scored significantly higher than the CAH group (p=0.029). In the low registration subgroup, the GD group scored significantly higher than the control group (p=0.025). The control group scored higher than the CAH group in EQ, and significantly higher than the GD group in SQ (p=0.033, p=0.005). There was a significant difference between the groups in DERS Total Scores (p=0.001). It was observed that the GD group scored significantly higher than the other groups (p=0.011, p=0.001), and the CAH and control groups did not differ among themselves (p>0.05). According to the CDI total score, the GD group scored significantly higher than the other groups (p=0.007, p0.001). Conclusion: Androgen exposure may be related to social cognition skills and autistic traits. It may be important for professionals working in the field of child endocrinology and child psychiatry to work together to intervene in such cases.

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    Authors: Salınan, Fatma;

    While having a child is a source of eagerly anticipated happiness, having a child with a disability is a difficult and stressful process for parents. Having a child with a disability brings with it many challenges. While emotional recovery is the most difficult, coping with financial, social and economic problems wears individuals out. When people realize that there is nothing they can do for their child, they prefer to strengthen their bond with God. People who turn to positive religious coping methods both heal psychologically and accept their helplessness. Supporting positive religious coping processes of individuals is possible with spiritual support and guidance. In this study, firstly, the concept of disability was tried to be explained. Then, the problems and needs of families with disabled children are mentioned. In the third part, spiritual support for families and Islam's view of the disabled were tried to be explained. The study was concluded by mentioning the positive and negative religious coping methods of parents. Çocuk sahibi olmak heyecanla beklenen mutluluk kaynağı iken engelli çocuğa sahip olmak ebeveynler için zor ve stresli bir süreçtir. Bireylerin engelli çocuğunun olması beraberinde meşakkatli pek çok şey getirecektir. En zoru duygusal iyileşme iken yanında maddi, sosyal, ekonomik sorunlar ile baş etmek bireyleri yıpratmaktadır. İnsan genelde çocuğu için elinden gelen bir şey olmadığını anladığında Allah ile bağını kuvvetlendirmeyi tercih etmektedir. Olumlu dini başa çıkma yöntemlerine yönelen insan hem psikolojik olarak iyileşirken hem de acizliğini kabullenmektedir. Bireylerin olumlu dini başa süreçlerini desteklemek manevi destek ve rehberlikle mümkün olmaktadır. Bu çalışmada ilk olarak engellilik kavramı anlatılmaya çalışılmıştır. Ardından engelli çocuğa sahip ailelerin sorun ve gereksinimlerinden bahsedilmiştir. Üçüncü bölümde ailelere manevi destek ve İslam’ın engelliye bakışı anlatılmaya çalışılmıştır. Ebeveynlerin olumlu ve olumsuz dini başa çıkma yöntemlerinden bahsedilerek çalışma sonlandırılmıştır.

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    Authors: Macü, Si̇nan;

    Objectives The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of B-lines, which are defined as a vertical, hyperechoic reverberation artifact detected in lung ultrasonography (LUS) in cases with increased lung parenchyma density, in the differantial diagnosis of pathologies involving the lung parenchyma. Methods This prospective single-center study was conducted at the Department of Emergency Medicine, Ege University Hospital between December 2021 and October 2022. Adult patients presenting with dyspnea were enrolled to the study and LUS was performed by a resident diffirent than patient's primary physician, and also blinded to the patient's clinical history. B-lines score, >3 B lines, pleural irregularity and presence of pleural effusion were investigated. All findings were recorded and a provisional diagnosis of LUS was made. Patients were clinically evaluated and necessary imaging investigated, and a clinical final diagnosis was made by the primary physician of the patient blinded to the patients LUS findings. Accuracy and concordance of the provisional diagnosis of LUS to the clinical final diagnosis and thorax computed tomography findings were calculated. Results Three hundred three patients were enrolled to the study, but since 42 patients met the exclusion criteria, two hundred sixty-one patients were analyzed. Clinical final diagnosis rates of patients were 18.4% for pulmonary edema, 17.2% for pneumonia, 18.8% for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), 11.5% for pulmonary thrombo-embolism (PTE) and 34.1% had no pathologies of lung parenchyma. The LUS diagnosis and the clinical final diagnosis showed good concordance (Kappa:0,623, p:0.035). The kappa value of the concordance between the LUS diagnosis and thorax CT findings was 0,852 (p:0,038) for pulmonary edema, 0.726 (p:0.052) for pneumonia, 0.757 (p:0.053) for COPD exacerbation, 0.114 (p:0.076) for PTE and 0.742 (p:0.043) for normal patient group. We found that the sensitivity and the spesificity of LUS were 90.2-96.0% for pulmonary edema, respectively; 73.2%-96.1% for pneumonia, respectively; 70.4%-98.6% for COPD exacerbation, respectively; 11.8%-96.5% for PTE, respectively; 87.3%-98.5% for the normal patient group, respectively. The distribution of LUS findings according to thorax CT findings were evaluateted: statistically significant difference was found for B line score in pulmonary edema, pneumonia, COPD exacerbation and normal patient group; for >3 B line in pulmonary edema, pneumonia and normal patient group; for pleural irregularity in pneumonia and normal patient group (p0.05). The sensitivity and the specificity of LUS in diagnosing pleural effusion were calculated as 87.3% and 98.5%, respectively. And the concordance between LUS and thorax CT in diagnosing pleural effusion was good (kappa value:0.882). Conclusions When the concordance of LUS diagnosis made by evaluating B-lines with thorax CT findings and clinical final diagnosis are combined; AUS can be applied only by evaluating the B lines while making the differential diagnosis of pathologies involving the lung parenchyma in patients presenting to the emergency department with dyspnea. Amaç Bu çalışmanın amacı; akciğer parankim yoğunluğunun arttığı vakalarda akciğer ultrasonografisinde (AUS) saptanan, dikey ve hiperekojen yankılanma artefaktı olarak tanımlanan B çizgilerinin akciğer parankimini ilgilendiren patolojilerin ayırıcı tanısındaki etkinliğinin değerlendirilmesidir. Gereç ve yöntem Bu çalışma tek merkezli ve prospektif nitelikte bir araştırma olup Ege Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Hastanesi Acil Servisi'ne başvuran hastalarda ve Aralık 2021- Ekim 2022 tarihleri arasında yürütüldü. Nefes darlığı ve >18 yaş olan hastalara, hastanın klinik bilgisine kör olarak primer hekiminden farklı, araştırma ekibinden bir uygulayıcı tarafından AUS uygulandı. B çizgi skoru, >3 B çizgisi, plevral düzensizlik ve plevral efüzyon varlığı araştırıldı. Bulgular olgu rapor formuna kaydedildi ve hastaya AUS ön tanısı oluşturuldu. Hastaların primer hekimi, hastanın tetkikleri tamamlandıktan sonra, AUS bulgularına kör olarak hastanın klinik son tanısını belirledi. AUS ön tanısı, hastanın acil servisteki klinik son tanısı ve toraks bilgisayarlı tomografi (BT) görüntülemesinde saptanan bulgular arasındaki uyum değerlendirildi. Bulgular Çalışmaya 303 hasta dahil edildi fakat 42 hasta çalışmadan çıkartılma kriterlerini karşıladığı için 261 hasta ile analiz yapıldı. Hastaların klinik son tanılarının %18,4'ü pulmoner ödem, %17,2'si pnömoni, %18,8'i kronik obstrüktif akciğer hastalığı (KOAH), %11,5'inin pulmoner trombo-emboli (PTE) ve %34,1'inin normal olduğu görüldü. AUS ön tanı ile klinik son tanı arasındaki uyum değerlendirildiğinde kappa değeri 0,623 olarak hesaplandı (p=0,035). AUS ön tanı ve toraks BT bulguları arasındaki uyuma bakıldığında ise kappa değerinin pulmoner ödemde 0,852, pnömonide 0,726, KOAH atakta 0,757, PTE'de 0,114 ve normal hastalarda 0,742 olduğu görüldü (sırasıyla p=0,038; 0,052; 0,053; 0,076; 0,043). AUS'nin toraks BT bulgularını tanımadaki duyarlılık ve özgüllüğü sırasıyla pulmoner ödem için %90,2-%96,0; pnömoni için %73,2-%96,1; KOAH atak için %70,4- %98,6; PTE için %11,8-%96,5; normal hasta grubu için %87,3-%98,5 olarak hesaplandı. AUS bulgularının toraks BT bulgularına göre dağılımına bakıldığında ise >3 B çizgisi pulmoner ödem, pnömoni ve normal hastalarda; B çizgi skoru pulmoner ödem, pnömoni, KOAH atak ve normal hasta grubunda; plevral düzensizlik pnömoni ve normal hasta grubunda istatistiksel olarak anlamlı fark saptandı (p0,05). Plevral efüzyonun saptanmasında AUS'nin duyarlılık ve özgüllüğünün sırasıyla %87,3 ve %98,5 olarak hesaplandı. Plevral efüzyonun AUS ve toraks BT ile saptanmasındaki uyuma bakıldığında kappa değerinin 0,882 olduğu görüldü (p=0,035). Sonuç Sadece B çizgileri değerlendirilerek oluşturulan AUS ön tanısının toraks BT bulguları ve klinik son tanı arasındaki uyum birlikte değerlendirildiğinde; acil servise nefes darlığı ile başvuran hastalarda akciğer parankimini ilgilendiren patolojilerin ayırıcı tanısı yapılırken AUS, yalnızca B çizgileri değerlendirilerek uygulanabilir.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Ercek, Ersel; Alkan, Ahmet Dursun; Çiftçi, Ibrahim Günay; Çelebi, Serdar S.; +1 Authors

    Supported by the Embassy of Azerbaijan in Switzerland, this initiative aims to bring together stakeholders globally to tackle environmental challenges in the Caspian Sea region.Commencing at ADA University on June 10-11, 2024, the inaugural workshop marks the start of discussions ahead of COP29 Azerbaijan in November 2024, underscoring its importance and alignment with international climate goals. With a primary focus on enhancing resilience and sustainability of the relatively unexplored Caspian Sea, the event serves as a crucial platform for interdisciplinary collaboration among scientists, policymakers, and industry leaders, highlighting the principles of sustainable development and environmental stewardship.Continuing the momentum from Baku, plans are underway for the 2nd workshop to convene in Switzerland in September 2024. These series of workshops underscore Azerbaijan’s commitment to fostering international cooperation in studying the Caspian Sea and its connected region, paving the way for a better tomorrow.

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    Authors: Yurtseven, Cemi̇l Emre;

    Aim: In today's world, the prevalence of diabetes mellitus is increasing steadily. We still have limited knowledge regarding the specific effects of acute glucosuria, a hallmark of the disease, on the lower urinary tract. While chronic damage to the lower urinary tract in diabetic patients, such as microangiopathy and neuropathy, is well-known, the effects of acute glucosuria remain unclear. This study, being the first of its kind in the available literature, aims to investigate the early effects of glucosuria on the bladder in a comparative manner, both functionally and histopathologically, in diabetic and non-diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: A total of 40 Wistar Albino rats were divided into four equal groups. One group was designated as the sham group. The second group received oral gavage of empagliflozin (30 mg/kg), an SGLT2 inhibitor, for 15 days. The remaining two groups were made diabetic by administering streptozotocin (50 mg/kg). One of the diabetic groups received empagliflozin (30 mg/kg) for 15 days, while the other group did not receive any treatment. On the 15th day, euthanasia was performed, and the bladders of the rats were removed for organ bath studies and histopathological examination. The collected data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics software, version 23.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). Results: In the organ bath studies, a significant increase in the response to potassium chloride was observed in the diabetic group receiving empagliflozin compared to the diabetic group without the medication and the sham group (p0.001). When examining the contraction responses to acetylcholine, it was found that the diabetic group receiving empagliflozin exhibited significantly higher contraction responses at concentrations of 10-7 and higher compared to the diabetic group (p0.001). In the electrical field stimulation studies, no significant difference was found between the groups. Histopathological examinations revealed a significant muscularis propria hypertrophy in the groups receiving empagliflozin compared to the sham group (p0.001). Conclusions: In our study, we found that short-term treatment with empagliflozin increased the receptor-independent contractile capacity of the bladders in diabetic rats and enhanced their contraction responses to acetylcholine. However, there was no significant difference observed in the electrical field stimulation studies. Histopathological analysis revealed the development of detrusor hypertrophy in rats receiving empagliflozin treatment. Keywords: Renal Glycosuria, Diabetes Mellitus, Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors, Overactive Bladder, Hypertrophy. Amaç: Günümüzde diabetes mellitus her geçen gün daha çok görülmektedir. Alt üriner sistemi kronik süreçte ciddi etkileyen bu hastalığın akut glukozüri sürecindeki etkileriyle ilgili çok net bilgi sahibi değiliz. Diyabetik hastalarda mikroanjiyopati ve nöropati gibi yolaklarla olan kronik alt üriner sistem hasarlanmaları bilinse de bahsi geçen konu hala muallaktır. Bu çalışma ulaşılabilir literatürde konu ile ilgili yapılan ilk çalışma olmakla beraber, diyabet olan ve olmayan ratlarda karşılaştırmalı olarak mesaneye erken etkilerinin fonksiyonel ve histopatolojik olarak araştırıldığı bir çalışmadır. Gereç ve Yöntem: 40 adet Wistar Albino rat 4 eşit gruba ayrıldı. Bir grup sham grubu olarak belirlendi. 2. gruba 15 gün boyunca SGLT2 inhibitörü olan empagliflozin (30 mg/kg) oral gavaj yolu ile verildi. Diğer iki gruptaki ratlar streptozosin (50 mg/kg) ile diyabetik hale getirildi. Diyabet olan gruplardan birine 15 gün süre ile empagliflozin (30 mg/kg) verilirken diğer gruba verilmedi. 15. günde ötanazi uygulanan ratların mesaneleri çıkarılarak organ banyosu çalışmaları yapıldı ve histopatolojik olarak incelendi. Çalışma kapsamında toplanan veriler IBM Sosyal Bilimler için veri analizi programı paket versiyon 23.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY) ile analiz edildi. Bulgular: Yapılan organ banyosu çalışmalarında diyabet olup empagliflozin alan grupta, sadece empagliflozin alan gruba ve sham grubuna göre anlamlı derecede potasyum klorüre yanıt artışı saptanmıştır(p0,001). Asetilkoline verilen kasılma yanıtları incelendiğinde 10-7 ve daha yüksek derişimlerde empagliflozin alan diyabetik grubun, diyabet olan gruba göre anlamlı olarak daha yüksek kasılma yanıtları verdiği bulunmuştur(p0,001). Yapılan elektriksel alan stimülasyonu çalışmalarında gruplar arasında anlamlı bir fark bulunamamıştır. Histopatolojik incelemeler neticesinde empagliflozin alan gruplarda sham grubuna göre anlamlı derece muskularis propriya hipertrofisi izlenmiştir(p0,001). Sonuç: Yaptığımız çalışmada kısa vadede empagliflozin tedavisi alan diyabetik ratların mesanelerinin reseptör bağımsız kasılma kapasitelerinin ve asetilkoline verdikleri kasılma yanıtlarının arttığını bulduk. Yapılan elektriksel alan stimülasyonu çalışmalarında anlamlı bir fark olmadığını saptadık. Histopatolojik çalışmalarda empagliflozin tedavisi alan ratlarda detrüsör hipertrofisi geliştiğini tespit ettik. Anahtar Kelimeler: Renal Glukozüri, Diabetes Mellitus, Sodyum-Glukoz Transporter 2 İnhibitörleri, Aşırı Aktif Mesane, Hipertrofi.

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    Authors: Işler Hayirli, Dilek;

    Loss Series 1: Coping with Pet Bereavement: My Forever Love for My Beautiful Cat, ‘Timi’ is definitely not a farewell; it is only a love letter for my beloved cat who got lost on January 15, 2023, days after a magnitude 5.6 earthquake hit southern Türkiye. Like my country, I was also shaken deeply, and like the buildings, my heart almost collapsed. I lost not only one of my students (because of the earthquake) but also my cat. The weight of these two losses was (and has been) too heavy for me to carry. This piece is the first of the letter series that I am going to publish. This is my way of holding on to her memories. Since then, I have lost many more things and people. This is how I grieve. The next ones will be about the other losses I have experienced.

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    Authors: Aydinlioğlu, Hakan Mehmet;

    Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has drastically changed both the world order and our daily lives. This situation, which affects every aspect of life, has also caused significant changes in education systems. Schools have started to switch to distance education systems. Children and adolescents were also very affected by this new situation. Opinions have developed that this change in environmental factors also affects cognitive processes (especially those related to higher executive functions and social cognition). The effect of internet communication, information exchange, communication and screen exposure on our cognitive functions is unclear. There are few studies in the literature on the effects of internet and screen interactions of children and adolescents on their cognition and social cognition. There is much less research on the effects of distance education systems on students' cognition. Humans are social beings by nature. In the distance education system, the need for socialization, which is necessary for the socio-cognitive development and functionality of the students, will not be met face to face with the school system, and this deficiency will be tried to be eliminated in the virtual environment. Research on the effects of distance education will shed light on the effects of this system, which is likely to continue to be used in the future, on people. Objective: This research was planned in order to evaluate the effects of distance education on the social cognition, internet addiction and academic motivation of 8th grade students, and secondarily to examine the relationship between related sociodemographic and other data. Method: Participation in our study's first stage started in January 2021, when the students were receiving uninterrupted distance education for a minimum of 4 months, and until March, the participation of 122 students and their parents was completed. In the first stage, the ix parents took the socio-demographic data form containing the relevant data, then the social responsiveness scale and the conners parent rating scale renewed forms, the students the socio-demographic form, the mind-reading test, the faces test, the cognitive, emotional and bodily empathy scale for children, the Bapint internet They completed the addiction form and the academic motivation scale. The second phase of our study started in June 2021 with the participation of 37 of the students who participated in the first phase, while they were receiving face-to-face education for a minimum of 3.5 months. At this stage, after the parents filled in only a short socio-demographic form, the students completed all the same scales. Due to the pandemic, all work was done through Google forms. Results: It has been observed that the majority of students and parents prefer face-to-face education. The frequency of extracurricular internet use in the face-to-face education group was found to be significantly higher than the distance education group. There was no statistically significant relationship between academic motivation, social cognition skills, and internet addiction scores between the distance education and face-to-face education groups. It has been determined that students exhibit higher academic achievement in face-to-face education. The girls' theory of mind and empathy skills were found to be higher than boys. There was a positive relationship between academic achievement and social cognition skills and academic motivation, and a negative relationship with internet addiction. There was a positive relationship between the number of siblings; empathy and academic motivation, and a negative relationship between internet addiction. There was a negative relationship between the duration of extracurricular internet use and empathy and academic motivation scores, and a positive relationship between internet addiction scores. A negative relationship was found between internet addiction and academic motivation while the student was receiving distance or face-to-face education. Discussion: The findings we obtained as a result of our study showed the effects of distance education on social cognition, academic motivation and internet addiction. The effects of this new environment on health and well-being will be revealed in future studies. Giriş: COVİD-19 salgını hem dünya düzenini hem de günlük yaşantımızı büyük ölçüde değiştirdi. Hayatın her alanını etkileyen bu durum öğretim sistemlerinde de önemli değişimlere neden oldu. Okullar uzaktan eğitim sistemlerine geçmeye başladılar. Çocuk ve ergenler de bu yeni durumdan çok etkilendiler. Özellikle çevresel faktörlerdeki bu değişimin bilişsel süreçleri de (özellikle yüksek yönetici işlevler ve sosyal biliş ile ilgili olanlar) etkilediği yönünde görüşler gelişti. İnternetin iletişim, bilgi alışverişi, haberleşme ve ekran maruziyetinin bilişsel fonksiyonlarımıza etkisi belirsizdir. Yazında çocuk ve ergenlerin internetle ve ekranla etkileşimlerinin onların bilişlerine ve sosyal bilişlerine etkileriyle ilgili az sayıda çalışma vardır. Uzaktan eğitim sistemlerinin öğrencilerin bilişlerine etkileriyle ilgili çok daha az sayıda araştırma vardır. İnsanlar doğaları gereği sosyal varlıklardır. Uzaktan eğitim sisteminde öğrencilerin sosyo bilişsel gelişimi ve işlevselliği için gerekli olan sosyalleşme ihtiyacı okul sistemiyle yüz yüze olarak karşılanamayacak olup bu eksiklik sanal ortamda giderilmeye çalışılacaktır. Uzaktan eğitimin etkileri konusunda yapılacak araştırmalar ileride kullanılmaya devam edilmesi olası bu sistemin insanlara olan etkilerine ışık tutacaktır. Amaç: Uzaktan eğitimin, 8.sınıf öğrencilerinin sosyal bilişleri, internet bağımlılıkları ve akademik güdülenmelerine olan etkilerini değerlendirmek, ikincil olarak da ilgili sosyodemografik ve diğer verilerin birbirleriyle ilişkisini incelemek amacıyla bu araştırma planlanmıştır. Yöntem: Çalışmamızın ilk aşamasına katılımlar 2021 yılı ocak ayında öğrenciler minimum 4 aydır kesintisiz uzaktan eğitim aldıkları esnada başlamış olup mart ayına kadar 122 öğrenci ve ebeveyninin katılımı tamamlanmıştır. İlk aşamada ebeveynler ilgili verileri içeren sosyo demografik veri formu, sonrasında da sosyal cevaplılık ölçeği ve conners ana baba dereceleme ölçeği yenilenmiş formlarını, öğrenciler ise sosyo demografik formu, gözlerden zihin okuma testini, yüzler testini, çocuklar için bilişsel duygusal ve bedensel empati ölçeğini, vii Bapint internet bağımlılığı formunu ve akademik güdülenme ölçeğini doldurmuşlardır. Çalışmamızın ikinci aşaması 2021 yılı haziran ayında ilk aşamaya katılan öğrencilerden 37'sinin minimum 3,5 aydır yüz yüze eğitim gördükleri esnada katılımlarıyla başlamıştır. Bu aşamada veliler sadece kısa bir sosyo demografik form doldurduktan sonra, öğrenciler aynı ölçeklerin tamamını doldurmuşlardır. Pandemi nedeniyle tüm çalışma Google formları üzerinden yapılmıştır. Bulgular: Öğrencilerin ve velilerin büyük çoğunluğunun yüz yüze eğitimi tercih ettikleri görülmüştür. Yüz yüze eğitim alan grupta ders dışı internet kullanım sıklığı uzaktan eğitim alan gruptan anlamlı derecede daha fazla olarak saptanmıştır. Uzaktan eğitim alan ve yüz yüze eğitim alan gruplar arasında akademik güdülenme, sosyal biliş becerileri, internet bağımlılık puanları arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı ilişki saptanmamıştır. Yüz yüze eğitimde öğrencilerin daha yüksek akademik başarı sergilediği saptanmıştır. Kızların zihin kuramı ve empati becerileri erkeklerden daha yüksek olarak saptanmıştır. Akademik başarı ile sosyal biliş becerileri ve akademik güdülenme arasında pozitif yönde, internet bağımlılığı ile negatif yönde anlamlı ilişkiler saptanmıştır. Kardeş sayısı ile empati, akademik güdülenme arasında pozitif yönlü, internet bağımlılığı arasında negatif yönlü anlamlı ilişki saptanmıştır. Ders dışı internet kullanım süresi ile empati, akademik güdülenme skorları arasında negatif, internet bağımlılığı skorları arasında pozitif yönde ilişki saptanmıştır. Öğrenci uzaktan veya yüz yüze eğitim aldığı esnamda internet bağımlılığı ile akademik güdülenme arasında negatif bir ilişki saptanmıştır. Tartışma: Çalışmamızın sonucunda elde ettiğimiz bulgular uzaktan eğitimin sosyal biliş, akademik güdülenme ve internet bağımlılığına olan etkilerini göstermiştir. Bu yeni ortamın sağlık ve esenlik üzerine yaratabileceği etkiler ilerideki çalışmalarla ortaya konulacaktır.

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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Ege University Insti...arrow_drop_down
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Gündüz, Mustafa;
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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