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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Juodka, Robertas;

    Ištyrus nespecifinius kraujo serumo baltymus nustatyta, kad vištoms yra būdingi dideli alelių PreAl – 2B (0,667), PostAlA (0,635), PostTf – 2B (0,627) dažnumai, o alelių PreTf – 2A, PreTf – 2B, McA, McB dažnumai buvo artimi trijų tirtų populiacijų vidurkiams ( skirtumas 0,008 – 0,015 ). Kalakutų populiacijai yra būdingas didelis alelio PreAl – 1B (0,613) dažnumas, o alelių PreAl – 2A, PreAl – 2B , PostTfA, PostTfB, McA, McB dažnumai buvo artimi trijų populiacijų vidurkiui ( skirtumas 0,010 – 0,033). Pentardos pasižymėjo dideliais alelių PreAl – 1A (0,681), PreAl – 2A (0,681), AlB (0,736), PreTfA (0,708) dažnumais, o alelių McA ir McB dažnumai buvo identiški trijų populiacijų vidurkiui. Mažiausias vidutinis faktinis heterozigotiškumas buvo kalakutų populiacijoje (0,329), didesnis pas pentardas (0,437) ir didžiausias pas vištas (0,509). Didžiausias genetinis identiškumas (0,969) nustatytas tarp vištų ir kalakutų populiacijų, mažiausias tarp vištų ir pentardų (0,928). The analysis of non-specific blood serum proteins indicated that high frequency of alleles PreAl– 2B (0.667), PostAlA (0.635), PostTf–2B (0.627), was characteristic of hens, and the frequencies of alleles PreTf–2A, PreTf–2B, McA, McB were close to the mean values of the three populations under investigation (difference – 0.008-0.015). The population of turkeys was distinguished by high frequency of allele PreAl–1B (0.613), and the frequencies of alleles PreAl–2A, PreAl–2B, PostTfA, PostTfB, McA, McB were similar to the mean values of the three populations (difference – 0.010-0.033). High frequencies of alleles PreAl–1A (0.681), PreAl–2A (0.681), AlB (0.736), PreTfA (0.708) were characteristic of guinea fowls, while the frequencies of alleles McA and McB were identical to the mean values of the three populations. Turkey population had the lowest average actual heterozygosity (0.329), guinea fowls had somewhat higher heterozygosity (0,437) and the highest heterozygosity was determined for hens (0.509). The highest genetic identity (0.969) was found between the populations of hens and turkeys, while the lowest – between hens and guinea fowls (0.928). Исследовав неспецифический белок сыворотки крови трех разных популяций птиц, установлено, что куры имели большие частоты аллелей PreAl – 2B (0,667), PostAlA (0,635), PostTf – 2B (0,627), а частоты аллелей PreTf – 2A, PreTf – 2B, McA, McB у ку�� были близкие к средней величине трех популяций (разница 0,008 – 0,015). Для популяции индюков было присущее большая частота аллели PreAl – 1B (0,613) , а частота аллелей PreAl – 2A, PreAl – 2B , PostTfA, PostTfB, McA, McB была близка к средней величине трех популяций (разница 0,010 – 0,033). Цесарки отличались большими частотами аллелей PreAl – 1A (0,681), PreAl – 2A (0,681), AlB (0,736), PreTfA (0,708), а частота аллелей McA ir McB у них была идентична к средней величине трех популяций. Наименьшая средняя фактическая гетерозиготность была в популяции индюков (0,329), наибольшая у цесарок (0,437) и самая большая у кур (0,509). Наибольшая генетическая идентичность (0,969) установлена между популяциями кур и индюков, а наименьшая между популяциями кур и цесарок (0,928).

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Lietuvos Akademinė E...arrow_drop_down
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Gailiušis, Brunonas; Kriaučiūnienė, Jūratė; Ušpuras, Eugenijus; Kaliatka, Algirdas; +1 Authors

    Lietuvos energetikos institute neapibrėžtumų analizė taikoma jau keletą metų. Iki šiol tokia analizė buvo atliekama tik sudėtingoms techninėms sistemoms, įvertinant termohidraulinių skaičiavimo rezultatų neapibrėžtumus. Tačiau neapibrėžtumų ir jautrumo analizės metodologija gali būti taikoma analizuojant ir kitus fizikinius procesus aprašančius modelius, pvz., hidrologinius. Sudarant gamtinio objekto Kauno HE tvenkinio hidrodinaminį modelį bei modeliuojant šio tvenkinio hidrologinius procesus, plačiai naudojami tiesioginiai matavimai, skirti modelio kalibravimui. Šių matavimų duomenų paklaida gali būti iki ±15% ir jie yra vieni didžiausių neapibrėžtumų šaltinių. Tokie matavimo rezultatai yra išsidėstę apie vidutines reikšmes pagal tikimybinius skirstinius, dažniausiai normalųjį. Atliekama modeliavimo rezultatų neapibrėžtumo ir jautrumo analizė leidžia įvertinti visą Kauno HE hidrodinaminio modelio parametrų kitimo diapazoną, o ne atskiras šių parametrų diskrečias reikšmes. Uncertainty analysis has been applied for some years at the Lithuanian Energy Institute, this far only to complex technical systems when estimating the uncertainty of thermal hydraulic calculation result. However, calculations of uncertainties could be applied also to natural systems. Modelling of hydrological and hydrodynamic processes usually faces the problem of not precisely known parameters and physical phenomena. Quantitative uncertainty analysis might be used to quantify the underlying uncertainties that might arise due to initial data, mathematical model or solution methods. The ordinary calibration procedure of the MIKE 21 HD computer code evaluates only the influence of mathematical equations’ parameters (coefficients of bed resistance and turbulence) on modelling results, but uncertainty due to initial data is not taken into account. This paper presents uncertainty and sensitivity analysis in the calibration process of hydrodynamic modelling of the Kaunas Reservoir using the SUSA computer code. The calibration of the model was done in the following order: estimation of initial data and the MIKE 21 HD code parameters that have an impact on calculation results: generation of input data sets and hydrodynamic calculation of the Kaunas Reservoir using the generated sets; sensitivity analysis of modelling results to determine most significant calibration parameters. It has been determined that the basic input parameters in the calibration process are the coefficients of... [to full text] В Литовском энергетическом институте анализ неопределенностей применяется уже несколько лет. До сих пор такой анализ проводился только для сложных технических систем: оценивались неопределенности результатов термогидравлических расчетов. Однако методология анализа неопределенности и чувствительности может применяться и при анализе моделей любых физических процессов, например, гидрологических. При создании гидродинамической модели природного объекта – водохранилища Каунасской ГЭС широко использовались измерения, осуществляемые в природной среде. Погрешности этих измерений составляют до ±15%, что является важным источником неопределенностей результатов. Результаты таких измерений расположены по нормальному распределению. Анализ неопределенности и чувствительности результатов моделирования позволяет оценить весь диапазон возможных изменений параметров гидродинамической модели Каунасской ГЭС.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Lietuvos Akademinė E...arrow_drop_down
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Lietuvos Akademinė E...arrow_drop_down
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Rostovskytė, Aneta;

    Pradedant svarstyti meno sampratą nūdienos kontekste lyg ir atrodo, jog susieti meno ir prievartos sąvokas būtų ganėtinai sudėtinga, nes šiuolaikiniam mąstymui įprasta meną sieti su laisvės bei kūrybiškumo sąvokomis. Tačiau šiame straipsnyje, remiantis XX a. Vakarų mąstytoju, muzikologu ir sociologu Theodoru Adorno, bus bandoma parodyti, kad menui yra galima tiek viena, tiek kita perspektyva, todėl priimti kurią nors vieną poziciją būtų gana problemiška. The article gets deeper into relation between art and sociality discussed by T. Adorno, the 20th century Western thinker. Thinking about the concept of art in the context of contemporary thought it is customary to associate art with individuality, freedom, authenticity and creativity. However, T. Adorno, exploring Western art from historical‑sociological perspective on the one hand noted that art is an integral part of sociality, on the other hand it is characterized by the coherence not only with freedom but also with violence. So first of all relation between art and violence is analyzed and features specific to this scenario are identified. Then there is a transfer to the relationship between concepts of art and freedom as well as to the analysis of specificity coherent to this outlook.

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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Lietuvos Akademinė E...arrow_drop_down
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Edita Dranseikaitė;

    Terorizmas savaime nėra naujas reiškinys pasaulyje, tačiau Šaltojo karo pabaiga ir globalizacija „išleido džiną iš butelio“. Šiame straipsnyje nagrinėjamos terorizmo apibrėžimo problemos, terorizmo grėsmės tendencijos (ypač didėjančio terorizmo fatalumo priežastys), globalizacijos poveikis terorizmui bei kovos su terorizmo grėsme globalizacijos amžiuje galimybės ir pavojai. Straipsnyje teigiama, kad globalizacijos amžiuje terorizmas tampa populiarus ne tik kaip asimetrinė kovos priemonė su stipresniu priešininku pasaulio „piktavalėse“ valstybėse, bet kova su terorizmu vis dažniau naudojama kaip pagalbinis instrumentas užsienio bei vidaus politikoje Vakarų pasaulio demokratijose. Kai nėra sutarimo, kas yra terorizmas, valstybės dėl vidaus ir užsienio politikos interesų ir/arba išorinio spaudimo yra linkusios sureikšminti terorizmo grėsmę, o tai sukuria kontrproduktyvų efektą ir didina pavojų saugumui. Terrorism is not what could be called a new phenomenon in the world. The end of the Cold War and globalisation, however, "have let the genie out of the bottle". In this article the author analyses issues pertaining to the definition of terrorism, tendencies of the terrorist threat (particularly, causes of the growing fatality of terrorism), the impact of globalisation on the phenomenon of terrorism and opportunities and dangers behind the fight against terrorism in the globalisation age. The article claims that during the age of globalisation terrorism becomes popular not only as a means for an asymmetric fight against the stronger opponent of the world's "evil" states; the fight against terrorism is more and more often used as a supplementary instrument in the external and internal policies of Western world democracies. Devoid of an agreement on what terrorism is, states, facing the pressure of foreign and internal interests and/or external pressure, have become used to exaggerating the appeal of the terrorist threat, which, in turn, creates a counterproductive effect and increases security stakes.

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    Authors: Maciejauskienė, Vitalija;

    The paper introduces the Lietuvos Vietovardžių Žodynas (Dictionary of Place Names), which is to appear soon. The Dictionary gives all Lithuanian place names recorded in the actual language: hydronyms, names of settlements and other place names. The origin of the place name is explicated, its derivation evaluated. It can also be considered as a standardisation book, since it gives already standardised place names. The basis of the dictionary is a record of place names, which has been collected from actual usage. The record now has about 600 thousand entries. It took several decades (in the 20th century) to collect all Lithuanian place names. From the structural point of view, the dictionary contains word families arranged alphabetically. Place names are given in families, and all items in the family are arranged alphabetically starting with the first place name. Families are compiled in accordance with their origin; i.e. all place names of the same origin enter one and the same family. The position of the place name in the family depends on the word formation type. The dictionary will be published in 10–12 volumes. The compilation of the first volume has been already started.

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    Authors: Kulbeckienė, Gintarė; Alejūnaitė, Ada;

    Šio tyrimo tikslas – išsiaiškinti, kaip darbuotojai vertina gandus organizacijoje. Taikyta tyrimo duomenų rezultatų analizė, apdorojimo ir interpretavimo metodai, kiekybinio tipo apklausa bei mokslinės literatūros analizė ir sisteminimas. Sąvokos gandas apibrėžimuose akcentuojami skirtingi dalykai. Tai lemia mokslo sričių atstovų pozicija. Sociologijos požiūriu, pabrėžtini šie visuomenei svarbūs gandų funkcionavimo elementai: gando subjektai, socialinė aplinka, kurioje tie gandai plinta, gandų tipai ir įvairių socialinių grupių imlumas jiems, pagaliau – socialinės kontrolės galimybės. Svarbu nustatyti ir gandų kilimo bei funkcionavimo sistemą, jų socialinę organizaciją ir sklaidą, tačiau tai padaryti trukdo sunkumai, kuriuos lemia pati gando prigimtis. The aim of the research is to find out how the employees view rumours in organization. This research employs survey data results analysis, processing and interpretation methods, quantitative survey, and analysis and systematization of scientific literature. Definitions of rumours emphasize different aspects – this results from differences in viewpoints of scholars. Sociologically, the following components of functioning of rumours, which are important to society, are notable: subjects of rumours, social environment in which rumours spread, types of rumours, susceptibility of various social groups to rumours, and social control possibilities. It is also important to identify the system of origination and functioning of rumours, their social arrangement and spread, but this is hindered by difficulties caused by the very nature of rumours.

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    Authors: Dagilis, Gintas;
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    Authors: Lasinskas, Povilas;

    The objective of the research on the formation of the ancient Russian state has been to describe the character of the economic and communal relations of the East Slavs at the time of the state formation. The 20th century historiographers have considered the formation of the ancient Russian state as the result of lengthy consolidation process of the East Slavs that took place in the 2nd half of the 1st millennium of our era. It has been proved that the Normans did not have a significant influence on the formation of the East Slavic state. Most scholars have recognized the existence of early feudal system. The wide ethnical illustration of the East Slavs has been presented, the place of the East Slavs in the system of the European nations has been determined, and their culture and daily life have been researched. The 20th century historiographers have tended to advance the genesis of the statehood of ancient Rus by several ages. The first steps in this direction were done by Grekov and Rybakov and some Lithuanian historians used the same path. Thus, the advancement of the statehood in accordance with the results of the analysis of social-economic development is characteristic to historiography. At the same time it cannot be left unnoticed that the researchers of the ancient Russian history have not reached the unanimous opinion on some principal issues. Though the diversity of opinions helps to cover more aspects of the ancient Slavs life, the contradictory conceptions (about... [to full text]

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    Authors: Stasiulis, Arvydas; Zaičenkovienė, Kristina; Aleksandravičienė, Roma;

    Sportinė aerobika yra viena iš naujausių gimnastikos sporto šakų, kurią kultivuodami sportininkai pagal muziką turi atlikti didelio intensyvumo pagrindinius aerobikos judesius ir jungti juos su jėgos, šuolių, lankstumo, pusiausvyros pratimais. Kaip ir kitos gimnastikos rūšys, sportinė aerobika reikalauja aerobinės ir anaerobinės ištvermės, šoklumo, lankstumo, jėgos ir puikios koordinacijos. Visos šios fizinės ypatybės turi būti rodomos varžybinio pratimo metu (vidutinė trukmė — 2 min), atliekant koordinaciškai sudėtingus judesius bei įvairaus sudėtingumo elementus dideliu intensyvumu be poilsio intervalų (Sports Aerobics Code of Points, 2002). Fiziologinius pokyčius specifinio fizinio krūvio (varžybinės veiklos) metu tyrė ispanų mokslininkai (Rodriguez et al., 1998). R. Aleksandravičienė (2005) ištyrė skirtingo meistriškumo aerobininkių aerobinį pajėgumą ir energijos sąnaudas varžybinės veiklos metu. Tyrimo tikslas — nustatyti skirtingo meistriškumo aerobininkių anaerobinį pajėgumą minant veloergometrą. Buvo tiriama 18 aerobikos sportininkių. Išanalizavus varžybinių pratimų sudėtingumą ir varžybų rezultatus, jos buvo suskirstytos į didesnio ir mažesnio sportinio meistriškumo grupes. Visos tiriamosios atliko 30 sekundžių maksimalų Vingeito testą „Monark“ veloergometru. Testo ir atsigavimo po jo metu buvo registruojamas širdies susitraukimų dažnis naudojant „Polar“ pulso matuoklį S-810 (Suomija). Kapiliarinio kraujo mėginiai buvo imami atsigavimo metu po Vingeito testo praėjus... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] Aerobic gymnastics is one of the newest branches in gymnastics sport, when athletes must perform continuous complex and high intensity movement patterns to music, which originate from traditional aerobic steps and strength, flexibility and balance exercises. Aerobic gymnastics is characterized as an intensive physical exercise in which a number of muscle groups are actively engaged as well as both aerobic and anaerobic capacity of the body is developed. In competitive activities (lasting 2 min on average) physical properties, such as strength, flexibility, coordination must be demonstrated without rest intervals (Sports Aerobics Code of Points, 2002). Physiological responses during a competitive exercise in aerobic gymnastics were determined by Spanish scientists (Rodriguez et al., 1998), aerobic capacity and energy expenditure of aerobic gymnastics athletes of different level of training during competitive exercise were studied by R. Aleksandravičienė (2005). The aim of this study was to determine the anaerobic performance during cycling ergometry in differently trained sports aerobics women athletes. A group of Lithuanian aerobic competitors (n = 15) with different level of training were engaged as the subjects in this experiment. Their anaerobic performance was assessed by using 30 s Wingate anaerobic test. The heart rate (HR) dynamics during Wingate test and during recovery was evaluated as well. In addition, capillary blood samples were taken at 5th and 20th min of... [to full text]

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    Authors: Petronienė, O. D.; Viškelis, P.;

    1998–2003 m. Lietuvos sodininkystės ir daržininkystės institute tirta penkių veislių tipų: Egipto plokštieji, Crosby, Bordo, Detroit, Cylindra bei įvairių veislių grupių (ankstyvųjų ir vidutinio ankstyvumo, viena-dvisėklių ir daugiasėklių) raudonųjų burokėlių biocheminė sudėtis. Nustatytas ir vertintas tirpių sausųjų medžiagų, cukrų (invertuoto cukraus ir sacharozės), askorbo rūgšties, betaninų ir nitratų kiekis. Šešerių metų tyrimo duomenys rodo, kad daugiausia (14,7 %) tirpių sausųjų medžiagų susikaupia Bordo tipo burokėliuose. Kitų veislių tipų burokėliuose tirpios sausosios medžiagos sudaro 13,50–12,70 % ir iš esmės nesiskiria. Daugiausiai cukrų (9,71 %) susikaupia Bordo tipo burokėliuose, tačiau iš esmės šis rodiklis skiriasi tik nuo Cylindra ir Detroit (hibridai) tipo veislių. Askorbo rūgšties rasta 18,15–15,82 mg 100 g-1. Šio rodiklio esminių skirtumų tarp veislių tipų nėra. Betanino kiekio esminis skirtumas nustatytas tik tarp Bordo (80,98 mg 100 g-1) ir Egipto plokštieji (59,65 mg 100 g-1) tipo veislių burokėlių. Skirtingų metų augimo sąlygos turi įtakos biocheminių medžiagų kaupimuisi šakniavaisiuose. Stabilesnis tirpių sausųjų medžiagų ir cukrų kiekis yra Detroit tipo hibridiniuose burokėliuose. Ilgesnės vegetacijos, t. y. vidutinio ankstyvumo, burokėliuose pastebėta tendencija kauptis daugiau biocheminių medžiagų ir mažiau nitratų. Tirtų veislių daugiasėkliuose burokėliuose susikaupia daugiau tirpių sausųjų medžiagų, cukrų ir betaninų negu viena-dvisėkliuose. During 1998–2003 the biochemical content of 5 sortotypes (Egypt flat, Crosby, Bordo, Detroit – varieties, Detroit – hybrids and Cylindra) and various groups (early, medium early, moonseeds and polyseeds) of seed beet was tested in Lithuanian Institute of Horticulture. The content of soluble dry substances, total sugar, betanin and nitrates were investigated. According to the data of a six-year investigations, red beet cultivar Bordo accumulated the largest amount (14.7 %) of soluble solids substances. The other red beet cultivars accumulated 13.50–12.70 % of soluble dry matters and hardly made no basic difference among each other. Red beet cultivar Bordo accumulated the largest amounts of sugars (9.71 %). This quantity significantly differs from Cylindra and Detroit type hybrids and cultivars. Amounts of ascorbic acid varied within the limits of 18.15–15.82 mg 100 g-1, but no significant differences among the cultivars were determined. Significantly different amount of betanin was observed only among the Bordo (80.98 mg 100 g-1) and Egypet flat (59.65 mg 100 g-1) type cultivars. Growing conditions influence the accumulation of biochemical organic materials in red beet. More stabile amount of soluble dry matters and sugars was observed in Detroit type hybrids. The tendency of red beets to accumulate more biochemical materials and less nitrates during longer vegetation period was determined. The cultivars of multi-seeded red beets accumulated more soluble dry materials... [to full text] В 1998–2003 гг. в Литовском институте садоводства и овощеводства изучался биохимический состав столовой свеклы 5 сортотипов (Египeтская плоская, Кросби, Бoрдo, Детройт – сорта, Детройт – гибриды и Цилиндра) и разных групп сортов (ранних и среднеранних, односемянных и многосемянных). Изучено и оценено количество растворимых сухих веществ, сахаров (инвертированного сахара и сахарозы), аскорбиновой кислоты, бетанинов и нитратов. По итогам шестилетних исследований наибольшее количество растворимых сухих веществ (14,7 %) содержит столовая свекла сортотипа Бордо. Количест-во растворимых сухих веществ в свекле других сортотипов изменялось несущественно и составило 12,70–13,50 %. Наибольшее количество сахаров (9,71 %) найдено также в свекле сортотипа Бордо, но существенно этот показатель отличался только от сортотипов Цилиндра и Детройт. По содержанию аскорбиновой кислоты (18,15–15,82 мг 100 г-1) существенных различий между сортами не установлено. По содержанию бетанина существенная разница установлена только между сортотипами Бордо (80,98 мг 100 г-1) и Египетская плоская (59,65 мг 100 г-1). Содержание биохимических веществ в корнеплодах зависит от условий роста. Более стабильными в этом отношении во все годы исследований были гибриды типа Детройт. Свекла с более продолжительным периодом вегетации имела тенденцию накапливать больше биохимических ��еществ и меньше нитратов. Протяженность вегетационного периода существенного влияния на биохимический состав столовой свеклы не... [полный текст, см. далее]

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    Authors: Juodka, Robertas;

    Ištyrus nespecifinius kraujo serumo baltymus nustatyta, kad vištoms yra būdingi dideli alelių PreAl – 2B (0,667), PostAlA (0,635), PostTf – 2B (0,627) dažnumai, o alelių PreTf – 2A, PreTf – 2B, McA, McB dažnumai buvo artimi trijų tirtų populiacijų vidurkiams ( skirtumas 0,008 – 0,015 ). Kalakutų populiacijai yra būdingas didelis alelio PreAl – 1B (0,613) dažnumas, o alelių PreAl – 2A, PreAl – 2B , PostTfA, PostTfB, McA, McB dažnumai buvo artimi trijų populiacijų vidurkiui ( skirtumas 0,010 – 0,033). Pentardos pasižymėjo dideliais alelių PreAl – 1A (0,681), PreAl – 2A (0,681), AlB (0,736), PreTfA (0,708) dažnumais, o alelių McA ir McB dažnumai buvo identiški trijų populiacijų vidurkiui. Mažiausias vidutinis faktinis heterozigotiškumas buvo kalakutų populiacijoje (0,329), didesnis pas pentardas (0,437) ir didžiausias pas vištas (0,509). Didžiausias genetinis identiškumas (0,969) nustatytas tarp vištų ir kalakutų populiacijų, mažiausias tarp vištų ir pentardų (0,928). The analysis of non-specific blood serum proteins indicated that high frequency of alleles PreAl– 2B (0.667), PostAlA (0.635), PostTf–2B (0.627), was characteristic of hens, and the frequencies of alleles PreTf–2A, PreTf–2B, McA, McB were close to the mean values of the three populations under investigation (difference – 0.008-0.015). The population of turkeys was distinguished by high frequency of allele PreAl–1B (0.613), and the frequencies of alleles PreAl–2A, PreAl–2B, PostTfA, PostTfB, McA, McB were similar to the mean values of the three populations (difference – 0.010-0.033). High frequencies of alleles PreAl–1A (0.681), PreAl–2A (0.681), AlB (0.736), PreTfA (0.708) were characteristic of guinea fowls, while the frequencies of alleles McA and McB were identical to the mean values of the three populations. Turkey population had the lowest average actual heterozygosity (0.329), guinea fowls had somewhat higher heterozygosity (0,437) and the highest heterozygosity was determined for hens (0.509). The highest genetic identity (0.969) was found between the populations of hens and turkeys, while the lowest – between hens and guinea fowls (0.928). Исследовав неспецифический белок сыворотки крови трех разных популяций птиц, установлено, что куры имели большие частоты аллелей PreAl – 2B (0,667), PostAlA (0,635), PostTf – 2B (0,627), а частоты аллелей PreTf – 2A, PreTf – 2B, McA, McB у ку�� были близкие к средней величине трех популяций (разница 0,008 – 0,015). Для популяции индюков было присущее большая частота аллели PreAl – 1B (0,613) , а частота аллелей PreAl – 2A, PreAl – 2B , PostTfA, PostTfB, McA, McB была близка к средней величине трех популяций (разница 0,010 – 0,033). Цесарки отличались большими частотами аллелей PreAl – 1A (0,681), PreAl – 2A (0,681), AlB (0,736), PreTfA (0,708), а частота аллелей McA ir McB у них была идентична к средней величине трех популяций. Наименьшая средняя фактическая гетерозиготность была в популяции индюков (0,329), наибольшая у цесарок (0,437) и самая большая у кур (0,509). Наибольшая генетическая идентичность (0,969) установлена между популяциями кур и индюков, а наименьшая между популяциями кур и цесарок (0,928).

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    Authors: Gailiušis, Brunonas; Kriaučiūnienė, Jūratė; Ušpuras, Eugenijus; Kaliatka, Algirdas; +1 Authors

    Lietuvos energetikos institute neapibrėžtumų analizė taikoma jau keletą metų. Iki šiol tokia analizė buvo atliekama tik sudėtingoms techninėms sistemoms, įvertinant termohidraulinių skaičiavimo rezultatų neapibrėžtumus. Tačiau neapibrėžtumų ir jautrumo analizės metodologija gali būti taikoma analizuojant ir kitus fizikinius procesus aprašančius modelius, pvz., hidrologinius. Sudarant gamtinio objekto Kauno HE tvenkinio hidrodinaminį modelį bei modeliuojant šio tvenkinio hidrologinius procesus, plačiai naudojami tiesioginiai matavimai, skirti modelio kalibravimui. Šių matavimų duomenų paklaida gali būti iki ±15% ir jie yra vieni didžiausių neapibrėžtumų šaltinių. Tokie matavimo rezultatai yra išsidėstę apie vidutines reikšmes pagal tikimybinius skirstinius, dažniausiai normalųjį. Atliekama modeliavimo rezultatų neapibrėžtumo ir jautrumo analizė leidžia įvertinti visą Kauno HE hidrodinaminio modelio parametrų kitimo diapazoną, o ne atskiras šių parametrų diskrečias reikšmes. Uncertainty analysis has been applied for some years at the Lithuanian Energy Institute, this far only to complex technical systems when estimating the uncertainty of thermal hydraulic calculation result. However, calculations of uncertainties could be applied also to natural systems. Modelling of hydrological and hydrodynamic processes usually faces the problem of not precisely known parameters and physical phenomena. Quantitative uncertainty analysis might be used to quantify the underlying uncertainties that might arise due to initial data, mathematical model or solution methods. The ordinary calibration procedure of the MIKE 21 HD computer code evaluates only the influence of mathematical equations’ parameters (coefficients of bed resistance and turbulence) on modelling results, but uncertainty due to initial data is not taken into account. This paper presents uncertainty and sensitivity analysis in the calibration process of hydrodynamic modelling of the Kaunas Reservoir using the SUSA computer code. The calibration of the model was done in the following order: estimation of initial data and the MIKE 21 HD code parameters that have an impact on calculation results: generation of input data sets and hydrodynamic calculation of the Kaunas Reservoir using the generated sets; sensitivity analysis of modelling results to determine most significant calibration parameters. It has been determined that the basic input parameters in the calibration process are the coefficients of... [to full text] В Литовском энергетическом институте анализ неопределенностей применяется уже несколько лет. До сих пор такой анализ проводился только для сложных технических систем: оценивались неопределенности результатов термогидравлических расчетов. Однако методология анализа неопределенности и чувствительности может применяться и при анализе моделей любых физических процессов, например, гидрологических. При создании гидродинамической модели природного объекта – водохранилища Каунасской ГЭС широко использовались измерения, осуществляемые в природной среде. Погрешности этих измерений составляют до ±15%, что является важным источником неопределенностей результатов. Результаты таких измерений расположены по нормальному распределению. Анализ неопределенности и чувствительности результатов моделирования позволяет оценить весь диапазон возможных изменений параметров гидродинамической модели Каунасской ГЭС.

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    Authors: Rostovskytė, Aneta;

    Pradedant svarstyti meno sampratą nūdienos kontekste lyg ir atrodo, jog susieti meno ir prievartos sąvokas būtų ganėtinai sudėtinga, nes šiuolaikiniam mąstymui įprasta meną sieti su laisvės bei kūrybiškumo sąvokomis. Tačiau šiame straipsnyje, remiantis XX a. Vakarų mąstytoju, muzikologu ir sociologu Theodoru Adorno, bus bandoma parodyti, kad menui yra galima tiek viena, tiek kita perspektyva, todėl priimti kurią nors vieną poziciją būtų gana problemiška. The article gets deeper into relation between art and sociality discussed by T. Adorno, the 20th century Western thinker. Thinking about the concept of art in the context of contemporary thought it is customary to associate art with individuality, freedom, authenticity and creativity. However, T. Adorno, exploring Western art from historical‑sociological perspective on the one hand noted that art is an integral part of sociality, on the other hand it is characterized by the coherence not only with freedom but also with violence. So first of all relation between art and violence is analyzed and features specific to this scenario are identified. Then there is a transfer to the relationship between concepts of art and freedom as well as to the analysis of specificity coherent to this outlook.

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    Authors: Edita Dranseikaitė;

    Terorizmas savaime nėra naujas reiškinys pasaulyje, tačiau Šaltojo karo pabaiga ir globalizacija „išleido džiną iš butelio“. Šiame straipsnyje nagrinėjamos terorizmo apibrėžimo problemos, terorizmo grėsmės tendencijos (ypač didėjančio terorizmo fatalumo priežastys), globalizacijos poveikis terorizmui bei kovos su terorizmo grėsme globalizacijos amžiuje galimybės ir pavojai. Straipsnyje teigiama, kad globalizacijos amžiuje terorizmas tampa populiarus ne tik kaip asimetrinė kovos priemonė su stipresniu priešininku pasaulio „piktavalėse“ valstybėse, bet kova su terorizmu vis dažniau naudojama kaip pagalbinis instrumentas užsienio bei vidaus politikoje Vakarų pasaulio demokratijose. Kai nėra sutarimo, kas yra terorizmas, valstybės dėl vidaus ir užsienio politikos interesų ir/arba išorinio spaudimo yra linkusios sureikšminti terorizmo grėsmę, o tai sukuria kontrproduktyvų efektą ir didina pavojų saugumui. Terrorism is not what could be called a new phenomenon in the world. The end of the Cold War and globalisation, however, "have let the genie out of the bottle". In this article the author analyses issues pertaining to the definition of terrorism, tendencies of the terrorist threat (particularly, causes of the growing fatality of terrorism), the impact of globalisation on the phenomenon of terrorism and opportunities and dangers behind the fight against terrorism in the globalisation age. The article claims that during the age of globalisation terrorism becomes popular not only as a means for an asymmetric fight against the stronger opponent of the world's "evil" states; the fight against terrorism is more and more often used as a supplementary instrument in the external and internal policies of Western world democracies. Devoid of an agreement on what terrorism is, states, facing the pressure of foreign and internal interests and/or external pressure, have become used to exaggerating the appeal of the terrorist threat, which, in turn, creates a counterproductive effect and increases security stakes.

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    Authors: Maciejauskienė, Vitalija;

    The paper introduces the Lietuvos Vietovardžių Žodynas (Dictionary of Place Names), which is to appear soon. The Dictionary gives all Lithuanian place names recorded in the actual language: hydronyms, names of settlements and other place names. The origin of the place name is explicated, its derivation evaluated. It can also be considered as a standardisation book, since it gives already standardised place names. The basis of the dictionary is a record of place names, which has been collected from actual usage. The record now has about 600 thousand entries. It took several decades (in the 20th century) to collect all Lithuanian place names. From the structural point of view, the dictionary contains word families arranged alphabetically. Place names are given in families, and all items in the family are arranged alphabetically starting with the first place name. Families are compiled in accordance with their origin; i.e. all place names of the same origin enter one and the same family. The position of the place name in the family depends on the word formation type. The dictionary will be published in 10–12 volumes. The compilation of the first volume has been already started.

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    Authors: Kulbeckienė, Gintarė; Alejūnaitė, Ada;

    Šio tyrimo tikslas – išsiaiškinti, kaip darbuotojai vertina gandus organizacijoje. Taikyta tyrimo duomenų rezultatų analizė, apdorojimo ir interpretavimo metodai, kiekybinio tipo apklausa bei mokslinės literatūros analizė ir sisteminimas. Sąvokos gandas apibrėžimuose akcentuojami skirtingi dalykai. Tai lemia mokslo sričių atstovų pozicija. Sociologijos požiūriu, pabrėžtini šie visuomenei svarbūs gandų funkcionavimo elementai: gando subjektai, socialinė aplinka, kurioje tie gandai plinta, gandų tipai ir įvairių socialinių grupių imlumas jiems, pagaliau – socialinės kontrolės galimybės. Svarbu nustatyti ir gandų kilimo bei funkcionavimo sistemą, jų socialinę organizaciją ir sklaidą, tačiau tai padaryti trukdo sunkumai, kuriuos lemia pati gando prigimtis. The aim of the research is to find out how the employees view rumours in organization. This research employs survey data results analysis, processing and interpretation methods, quantitative survey, and analysis and systematization of scientific literature. Definitions of rumours emphasize different aspects – this results from differences in viewpoints of scholars. Sociologically, the following components of functioning of rumours, which are important to society, are notable: subjects of rumours, social environment in which rumours spread, types of rumours, susceptibility of various social groups to rumours, and social control possibilities. It is also important to identify the system of origination and functioning of rumours, their social arrangement and spread, but this is hindered by difficulties caused by the very nature of rumours.

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    Authors: Dagilis, Gintas;
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    Authors: Lasinskas, Povilas;

    The objective of the research on the formation of the ancient Russian state has been to describe the character of the economic and communal relations of the East Slavs at the time of the state formation. The 20th century historiographers have considered the formation of the ancient Russian state as the result of lengthy consolidation process of the East Slavs that took place in the 2nd half of the 1st millennium of our era. It has been proved that the Normans did not have a significant influence on the formation of the East Slavic state. Most scholars have recognized the existence of early feudal system. The wide ethnical illustration of the East Slavs has been presented, the place of the East Slavs in the system of the European nations has been determined, and their culture and daily life have been researched. The 20th century historiographers have tended to advance the genesis of the statehood of ancient Rus by several ages. The first steps in this direction were done by Grekov and Rybakov and some Lithuanian historians used the same path. Thus, the advancement of the statehood in accordance with the results of the analysis of social-economic development is characteristic to historiography. At the same time it cannot be left unnoticed that the researchers of the ancient Russian history have not reached the unanimous opinion on some principal issues. Though the diversity of opinions helps to cover more aspects of the ancient Slavs life, the contradictory conceptions (about... [to full text]

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    Authors: Stasiulis, Arvydas; Zaičenkovienė, Kristina; Aleksandravičienė, Roma;

    Sportinė aerobika yra viena iš naujausių gimnastikos sporto šakų, kurią kultivuodami sportininkai pagal muziką turi atlikti didelio intensyvumo pagrindinius aerobikos judesius ir jungti juos su jėgos, šuolių, lankstumo, pusiausvyros pratimais. Kaip ir kitos gimnastikos rūšys, sportinė aerobika reikalauja aerobinės ir anaerobinės ištvermės, šoklumo, lankstumo, jėgos ir puikios koordinacijos. Visos šios fizinės ypatybės turi būti rodomos varžybinio pratimo metu (vidutinė trukmė — 2 min), atliekant koordinaciškai sudėtingus judesius bei įvairaus sudėtingumo elementus dideliu intensyvumu be poilsio intervalų (Sports Aerobics Code of Points, 2002). Fiziologinius pokyčius specifinio fizinio krūvio (varžybinės veiklos) metu tyrė ispanų mokslininkai (Rodriguez et al., 1998). R. Aleksandravičienė (2005) ištyrė skirtingo meistriškumo aerobininkių aerobinį pajėgumą ir energijos sąnaudas varžybinės veiklos metu. Tyrimo tikslas — nustatyti skirtingo meistriškumo aerobininkių anaerobinį pajėgumą minant veloergometrą. Buvo tiriama 18 aerobikos sportininkių. Išanalizavus varžybinių pratimų sudėtingumą ir varžybų rezultatus, jos buvo suskirstytos į didesnio ir mažesnio sportinio meistriškumo grupes. Visos tiriamosios atliko 30 sekundžių maksimalų Vingeito testą „Monark“ veloergometru. Testo ir atsigavimo po jo metu buvo registruojamas širdies susitraukimų dažnis naudojant „Polar“ pulso matuoklį S-810 (Suomija). Kapiliarinio kraujo mėginiai buvo imami atsigavimo metu po Vingeito testo praėjus... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] Aerobic gymnastics is one of the newest branches in gymnastics sport, when athletes must perform continuous complex and high intensity movement patterns to music, which originate from traditional aerobic steps and strength, flexibility and balance exercises. Aerobic gymnastics is characterized as an intensive physical exercise in which a number of muscle groups are actively engaged as well as both aerobic and anaerobic capacity of the body is developed. In competitive activities (lasting 2 min on average) physical properties, such as strength, flexibility, coordination must be demonstrated without rest intervals (Sports Aerobics Code of Points, 2002). Physiological responses during a competitive exercise in aerobic gymnastics were determined by Spanish scientists (Rodriguez et al., 1998), aerobic capacity and energy expenditure of aerobic gymnastics athletes of different level of training during competitive exercise were studied by R. Aleksandravičienė (2005). The aim of this study was to determine the anaerobic performance during cycling ergometry in differently trained sports aerobics women athletes. A group of Lithuanian aerobic competitors (n = 15) with different level of training were engaged as the subjects in this experiment. Their anaerobic performance was assessed by using 30 s Wingate anaerobic test. The heart rate (HR) dynamics during Wingate test and during recovery was evaluated as well. In addition, capillary blood samples were taken at 5th and 20th min of... [to full text]

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    Authors: Petronienė, O. D.; Viškelis, P.;

    1998–2003 m. Lietuvos sodininkystės ir daržininkystės institute tirta penkių veislių tipų: Egipto plokštieji, Crosby, Bordo, Detroit, Cylindra bei įvairių veislių grupių (ankstyvųjų ir vidutinio ankstyvumo, viena-dvisėklių ir daugiasėklių) raudonųjų burokėlių biocheminė sudėtis. Nustatytas ir vertintas tirpių sausųjų medžiagų, cukrų (invertuoto cukraus ir sacharozės), askorbo rūgšties, betaninų ir nitratų kiekis. Šešerių metų tyrimo duomenys rodo, kad daugiausia (14,7 %) tirpių sausųjų medžiagų susikaupia Bordo tipo burokėliuose. Kitų veislių tipų burokėliuose tirpios sausosios medžiagos sudaro 13,50–12,70 % ir iš esmės nesiskiria. Daugiausiai cukrų (9,71 %) susikaupia Bordo tipo burokėliuose, tačiau iš esmės šis rodiklis skiriasi tik nuo Cylindra ir Detroit (hibridai) tipo veislių. Askorbo rūgšties rasta 18,15–15,82 mg 100 g-1. Šio rodiklio esminių skirtumų tarp veislių tipų nėra. Betanino kiekio esminis skirtumas nustatytas tik tarp Bordo (80,98 mg 100 g-1) ir Egipto plokštieji (59,65 mg 100 g-1) tipo veislių burokėlių. Skirtingų metų augimo sąlygos turi įtakos biocheminių medžiagų kaupimuisi šakniavaisiuose. Stabilesnis tirpių sausųjų medžiagų ir cukrų kiekis yra Detroit tipo hibridiniuose burokėliuose. Ilgesnės vegetacijos, t. y. vidutinio ankstyvumo, burokėliuose pastebėta tendencija kauptis daugiau biocheminių medžiagų ir mažiau nitratų. Tirtų veislių daugiasėkliuose burokėliuose susikaupia daugiau tirpių sausųjų medžiagų, cukrų ir betaninų negu viena-dvisėkliuose. During 1998–2003 the biochemical content of 5 sortotypes (Egypt flat, Crosby, Bordo, Detroit – varieties, Detroit – hybrids and Cylindra) and various groups (early, medium early, moonseeds and polyseeds) of seed beet was tested in Lithuanian Institute of Horticulture. The content of soluble dry substances, total sugar, betanin and nitrates were investigated. According to the data of a six-year investigations, red beet cultivar Bordo accumulated the largest amount (14.7 %) of soluble solids substances. The other red beet cultivars accumulated 13.50–12.70 % of soluble dry matters and hardly made no basic difference among each other. Red beet cultivar Bordo accumulated the largest amounts of sugars (9.71 %). This quantity significantly differs from Cylindra and Detroit type hybrids and cultivars. Amounts of ascorbic acid varied within the limits of 18.15–15.82 mg 100 g-1, but no significant differences among the cultivars were determined. Significantly different amount of betanin was observed only among the Bordo (80.98 mg 100 g-1) and Egypet flat (59.65 mg 100 g-1) type cultivars. Growing conditions influence the accumulation of biochemical organic materials in red beet. More stabile amount of soluble dry matters and sugars was observed in Detroit type hybrids. The tendency of red beets to accumulate more biochemical materials and less nitrates during longer vegetation period was determined. The cultivars of multi-seeded red beets accumulated more soluble dry materials... [to full text] В 1998–2003 гг. в Литовском институте садоводства и овощеводства изучался биохимический состав столовой свеклы 5 сортотипов (Египeтская плоская, Кросби, Бoрдo, Детройт – сорта, Детройт – гибриды и Цилиндра) и разных групп сортов (ранних и среднеранних, односемянных и многосемянных). Изучено и оценено количество растворимых сухих веществ, сахаров (инвертированного сахара и сахарозы), аскорбиновой кислоты, бетанинов и нитратов. По итогам шестилетних исследований наибольшее количество растворимых сухих веществ (14,7 %) содержит столовая свекла сортотипа Бордо. Количест-во растворимых сухих веществ в свекле других сортотипов изменялось несущественно и составило 12,70–13,50 %. Наибольшее количество сахаров (9,71 %) найдено также в свекле сортотипа Бордо, но существенно этот показатель отличался только от сортотипов Цилиндра и Детройт. По содержанию аскорбиновой кислоты (18,15–15,82 мг 100 г-1) существенных различий между сортами не установлено. По содержанию бетанина существенная разница установлена только между сортотипами Бордо (80,98 мг 100 г-1) и Египетская плоская (59,65 мг 100 г-1). Содержание биохимических веществ в корнеплодах зависит от условий роста. Более стабильными в этом отношении во все годы исследований были гибриды типа Детройт. Свекла с более продолжительным периодом вегетации имела тенденцию накапливать больше биохимических ��еществ и меньше нитратов. Протяженность вегетационного периода существенного влияния на биохимический состав столовой свеклы не... [полный текст, см. далее]

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