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A fundamental change of plasma behaviour since the ILW is that edge pedestals in ELMy H-modes are considerably colder than they were in Carbon, even for comparable fuelling levels [1,2]. This is interesting in itse lf, and also has implications for scenario development, since reduced core confinement is corr elated with the lower pedestal. An H-mode pedestal exhibits strong gradients in ion densities, which drive an inward pinch of W from the SOL into the pedestal top, at e lectron temperatures near or above 500 eV. Therefore, in between ELMs, W can accumulat e close to the pedestal. W is known to be a good radiator in the 0.5-2 keV electron temper ature range, but calculation of the W cooling function from first principles is challengi ng [3]. However, such information would be desirable in order to model more accurately the rad iation profile of W close to the pedestal. To provide experimental constraints to the calculat ion of the W cooling function we have injected W into cold L-mode plasmas by laser a blation of a target in the outboard mid- plane. With 1.3 MW of NBI we obtained target plasma s with T e ~2 keV at the magnetic axis. Bolometry and profile measurements provide informat ion on how much radiation increases in the presence of the injected W, and how the radiati on evolves as a function of time, and particularly, as a function of T e . Spectroscopy measurements can be helpful in ident ifying the presence of W and other radiating species at differ ent locations and T e ranges, as was shown in [4]. Preliminary analysis shows considerable W r adiation is observed at 1.2 and 0.5 keV. Transport analysis and modelling is used to deconvo lve the contribution of the time and space-varying W density and the W cooling function to the total radiation measured.

Mobile devices can now support a wide range of applications, many of which demand high computational power. Backed by the virtually unbounded resources of cloud computing, today’s mobile-cloud (MC) computing can meet the demands of even the most computationally and resource intensive applications. However, many existing MC hybrid applications are inefficient in terms of achieving objectives like minimizing battery power consumption and network bandwidth usage, which form a tradeoff. To counter this problem we propose a technique that: 1) measures, at run time, how well the MC application meets these two objectives; and 2) allows arbitrary configurations to be applied to the MC application in order to optimize the efficiency tradeoff. Our experimental evaluation considers two MC hybrid applications. We modularized them first, based on computationally-intensive tasks, and then executed them using a simple MC framework while measuring the power and bandwidth consumption at run-time. Analysis of results shows that efficient configurations of the apps can be obtained in terms of minimizing the two objectives. However, there remain challenges such as scalability and automation of the process, which we discuss.

The purpose of this paper is to report upon how an engineering mathematics class was used to provide a vehicle for students to develop mathematical competencies and hence higher order thinking skills within the broader field of engineering education. Specifically it provided students with the opportunities to think mathematically, reason mathematically, pose and resolve mathematical problems, to use technology to model resolutions, interpret and handle mathematical symbolism and to communicate their resolutions to peers and staff. Using the report produced by the Mathematics Working Group of SEFI (European Society for Engineering Education), which details a framework for mathematics curricula in engineering education (SEFI, 2013), a methodology was identified. This methodology was also based on work previously undertaken by the author (Peters, 2017; Peters, 2015). In section 2.1 (p 13) the report lists and describes a set of eight mathematical competencies: (1) Thinking mathematically, (2) reasoning mathematically, (3) posing and solving mathematical problems, (4) modelling mathematically, (5) representing mathematical entities, (6) handling mathematical symbols and formalism, (7) communicating in, with, and about mathematics and, (8) making use of aids and tools. The report also points out the importance of developing assessment procedures pertinent to competency acquisition (p7). The evidence from this investigation concludes that the majority of students found the experience challenging but worthwhile. They considered they had learnt important skills including the ability to form assumptions, persistence, time management, project management and an enhancement of their mathematical skills in relation to engineering.

This paper presents several case studies to demonstrate how open source software can achieve long-term sustainability by adopting the relevant business models. The objectives of this paper are to study the different models, processes, and legal/licence requirements that have been successful for such transformations. We classify the business models used in the open source area into five types: (a) Support Contracts; (b) Split Licensing; (c) Community; (d) Valued-added closed source; (e) Macro R&D Infrastructure. Each model’s strengths and weaknesses are discussed. The five business models detailed in this paper are the most common and arguably the most successful methods of generating revenues from open source software. Those in the e-Science community are encouraged to consider these methods for longer term sustainability.

This chapter explores the activist-pedagogy of one group that sought to negotiate an inclusive place in Britain for the descendants of Black and Brown migrants: New Beacon Circle, based in North London, England. Whereas many contributors to this book have addressed contemporary alternative educational initiatives, I consider one that started in the mid-1960s and is still active today. In this way, I emphasize the continuity in radical experimentation in utopian pedagogy. In the case of New Beacon Circle, such experimentation has been a component of contestant responses to specific situations of class and 'race' domination, and which have been, simultaneously, attempts to build progressive educational alternatives that might endure into the future. Bringing a particular reading of anti-colonialism in the British West Indies to their activist work in London, the New Beacon Circle is centred around the New Beacon publishing house and bookshop, which was established in 1966. Over the next four decades, New Beacon Circle’s activities encompassed and wove together Black cultural production, anti-racist organizing and community education. This chapter explores a number of initiatives of the New Beacon Circle and concludes by analyzing them through the lens of cultural politics.

Concerted effort is currently ongoing to open up the Epoch of Reionization (z ∼15-6) for studies with IR and radio telescopes. Whereas IR detections have been made of sources (Lyman-α emitters, quasars and drop-outs) in this redshift regime in relatively small fields of view, no direct detection of neutral hydrogen, via the redshifted 21-cm line, has yet been established. Such a direct detection is expected in the coming years, with ongoing surveys, and could open up the entire universe from z ∼6-200 for astrophysical and cosmological studies, opening not only the Epoch of Reionization, but also its preceding Cosmic Dawn (z ∼30-15) and possibly even the later phases of the Dark Ages (z ∼200-30). All currently ongoing experiments attempt statistical detections of the 21-cm signal during the Epoch of Reionization, with limited signal-to-noise. Direct imaging, except maybe on the largest (degree) scales at lower redshifts, as well as higher redshifts will remain out of reach. The Square Kilometre Array (SKA) will revolutionize the field, allowing direct imaging of neutral hydrogen from scales of arc-minutes to degrees over most of the redshift range z ∼6-28 with SKA1-LOW, and possibly even higher redshifts with the SKA2-LOW. In this SKA will be unique, and in parallel provide enormous potential of synergy with other upcoming facilities (e.g. JWST). In this chapter we summarize the physics of 21-cm emission, the different phases the universe is thought to go through, and the observables that the SKA can probe, referring where needed to detailed chapters in this volume. This is done within the framework of the current SKA1 baseline design and a nominal CD/EoR straw-man survey, consisting of a shallow, medium-deep and deep survey, the latter probing down to ∼1 mK brightness temperature on arc-minute scales at the end of reionization. Possible minor modifications to the design of SKA1 and the upgrade to SKA2 are discussed, in addition to science that could be done already during roll-out when SKA1 still has limited capabilities and/or core collecting area.

There has been a recent surge of research looking at the reporting of food consumption on social media. The topic of alcohol consumption, however, remains poorly investigated. Social media has the potential to shed light on a topic that, traditionally, is difficult to collect fine-grained information on. One social app stands out in this regard: Untappd is an app that allows users to ‘check-in’ their consumption of beers. It operates in a similar fashion to other location-based applications, but is specifically tailored to the collection of information on beer consumption. In this paper, we explore beer consumption through the lens of social media. We crawled Untappd in real time over a period of 112 days, across 40 cities in the United States and Europe. Using this data, we shed light on the drinking habits of over 369k users. We focus on per-user and per-city characterisation, highlighting key behavioural trends.

We have recently seen impressive methodological developments in quantitative cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology,\ud with novel mathematical models for the mechanical and electrophysiological processes of the heart, and fluid dynamical models to describe\ud the pressure and flow distribution in the blood vessel network. This allows us to gain deeper insight into the state of a variety of serious\ud cardiovascular diseases. The majority of recent research studies have focused on the forward problem: developing flexible mathematical\ud models and robust numerical simulation procedures to match characteristics of physiological target data, and the inverse problem: inferring\ud model parameters from cardiac physiological data with reliable uncertainty quantification. However, when connecting mathematical model\ud predictions and statistical inference to the clinical decision process, new challenges arise. This paper briefly discusses the complications\ud that potentially result from closed-loop effects, and the model extensions that are required to reduce the ensuing bias.

Search and rescue operations are often undertaken in low-visibility smoky environments in which rescue teams must rely on haptic feedback for navigation, exploration and safe exit. The aim is to enable a human being to explore the environment using a robot. In this paper we evaluate haptic means for robot to human communication. We describe the testing procedure and the results of our first tests. Based on these results, we discuss improvements of our design.