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Abstract A technique is presented whereby the performance of a microwave device is evaluated by mapping local field distributions using Lorentz transmission electron microscopy (L-TEM). We demonstrate the method by measuring the polarisation state of the electromagnetic fields produced by a microstrip waveguide as a function of its gigahertz operating frequency. The forward and backward propagating electromagnetic fields produced by the waveguide, in a specimen-free experiment, exert Lorentz forces on the propagating electron beam. Importantly, in addition to the mapping of dynamic fields, this novel method allows detection of effects of microwave fields on specimens, such as observing ferromagnetic materials at resonance.

Abstract Background To evaluate the association between weight misperception and psychological symptoms in the Determinants of young Adults Social well-being and Health (DASH) longitudinal study. Methods A longitudinal sample of 3227 adolescents, in 49 secondary schools in London, aged 11–16 years participated in 2002/2003 and were followed up in 2005/2006. A sub-sample (N = 595) was followed up again at ages 21–23 years in 2012/2013. An index of weight misperception was derived from weight perception and measured weight. Psychological well- being was measured using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire at 11–16 years and the General Health Questionnaire at 21–23 years. Associations with weight misperception was assessed using regression models, adjusted for socio-economic and lifestyle factors. Results White British males and females were more likely than ethnic minority peers to report accurate perceptions of measured weight. At 11-13y, 46% females and 38% males did not have an accurate perception of their measured weight. The comparable figures at 14-16y were 42 and 40%. Compared with male adolescents, more females perceived themselves as overweight or were unsure of their weight but measured normal weight, and this was more pronounced among Indians, Pakistanis and Bangladeshis. At 14-16y, more males perceived themselves as underweight but measured normal weight, and this was more pronounced among Indians. Compared with those who had an accurate perception of their normal weight, a higher likelihood of probable clinically-relevant psychological symptoms was observed among those who measured normal weight but perceived themselves to be underweight (females Odds Ratio (OR) = 1.87 95% CI 1.03–3.40; males OR = 2.34 95% CI 1.47–3.71), overweight (females only OR = 2.06 95% CI 1.10–3.87), or unsure of their weight (males only OR = 1.61 95% CI 1.04–2.49). Among females, the association was driven by internalising rather than externalising symptoms. An accurate perception of overweight was associated with higher psychological symptoms in adolescence and early 20s. Ethnic specific effects were not evident. Conclusion Weight misperception may be an important determinant of psychological symptoms in young people, with an accurate perception of normal weight status being protective. Culturally targeted interventions should be considered to promote healthy perceptions of body image.

No abstract available.

We present results of the magnetic, structural and chemical characterizations of Mn⁺-implanted Si displaying <i>n</i>-type semiconducting behavior and ferromagnetic ordering with Curie temperature,T_C well above room temperature. The temperature-dependent magnetization measured by superconducting quantum device interference (SQUID) from 5 K to 800 K was characterized by three different critical temperatures (T*_C~45 K, T_C1~630-650 K and T_C2~805-825 K). Their origins were investigated using dynamic secondary mass ion spectroscopy (SIMS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques, including electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), Z-contrast STEM (scanning TEM) imaging and electron diffraction. We provided direct evidences of the presence of a small amount of Fe and Cr impurities which were unintentionally doped into the samples together with the Mn⁺ ions, as well as the formation of Mn-rich precipitates embedded in a Mn-poor matrix. The observed T*_C is attributed to the Mn₄Si₇ precipitates identified by electron diffraction. Possible origins of and are also discussed. Our findings raise questions regarding the origin of the high ferromagnetism reported in many material systems without a careful chemical analysis.

Les théories les plus récentes de l’embodiment suggèrent qu’entendre des sons signifie percevoir un mouvement. À partir de ces théories, l’article développe une base théorique du théâtre musical expérimental en tant que théâtre des sons et mouvements. Les exemples étudiés sont extraits d’œuvres de John Cage, Mauricio Kagel, Gerardo Gandini et Damián Rodríguez Kees. Recent theories of embodied cognition suggest that hearing sounds means perceiving movement. On this basis, the article develops a theoretical basis for experimental music theatre as a theatre of sounds and movements. This is illustrated by discussions of works by John Cage, Mauricio Kagel, Gerardo Gandini and Damián Rodríguez Kees.

Urbanization in the global South has been accompanied by the proliferation of vast informal and marginalized urban areas that lack access to essential services and infrastructure. UN-Habitat estimates that close to a billion people currently live in these deprived and informal urban settlements, generally grouped under the term of urban slums. Two major knowledge gaps undermine the efforts to monitor progress towards the corresponding sustainable development goal (i.e. SDG 11-Sustainable Cities and Communities). First, the data available for cities worldwide is patchy and insufficient to differentiate between the diversity of urban areas with respect to their access to essential services and their specific infrastructure needs. Second, existing approaches used to map deprived areas (i.e. aggregated household data, Earth observation (EO), and community-driven data collection) are mostly siloed, and, individually, they often lack transferability and scalability and fail to include the opinions of different interest groups. In particular, EO-based-deprived area mapping approaches are mostly top-down, with very little attention given to ground information and interaction with urban communities and stakeholders. Existing top-down methods should be complemented with bottom-up approaches to produce routinely updated, accurate, and timely deprived area maps. In this review, we first assess the strengths and limitations of existing deprived area mapping methods. We then propose an Integrated Deprived Area Mapping System (IDeAMapS) framework that leverages the strengths of EO-and community-based approaches. The proposed framework offers a way forward to map deprived areas globally, routinely, and with maximum accuracy to support SDG 11 monitoring and the needs of different interest groups. info:eu-repo/semantics/published SCOPUS: re.j

In untargeted metabolomics approaches, the inability to structurally annotate relevant features and map them tobiochemical pathways is hampering the full exploitation of many metabolomics experiments. Furthermore, variable metaboliccontent across samples result in sparse feature matrices that are statistically hard to handle. Here, we introduce MS2LDA+ thattackles both above-mentioned problems. Previously, we presented MS2LDA, which extracts biochemically relevant molecularsubstructures (“Mass2Motifs”) from a collection of fragmentation spectra as sets of co-occurring molecular fragments and neutrallosses, thereby recognizing building blocks of metabolomics. Here, we extend MS2LDA to handle multiple metabolomicsexperiments in one analysis, resulting in MS2LDA+. By linking Mass2Motifs across samples, we expose the variability inprevalence of structurally related metabolite families. We validate the differential prevalence of substructures between two distinctsamples groups and apply it to fecal samples. Subsequently, within one sample group of urines, we rank the Mass2Motifs basedon their variance to assess whether xenobiotic-derived substructures are among the most-variant Mass2Motifs. Indeed, we couldascribe 22 out of the 30 most-variant Mass2Motifs to xenobiotic-derived substructures including paracetamol/acetaminophenmercapturate and dimethylpyrogallol. In total, we structurally characterized 101 Mass2Motifs with biochemically or chemicallyrelevant substructures. Finally, we combined the discovered metabolite families with full scan feature intensity information toobtain insight into core metabolites present in most samples and rare metabolites present in small subsets now linked throughtheir common substructures. We conclude that by biochemical grouping of metabolites across samples MS2LDA+ aids instructural annotation of metabolites and guides prioritization of analysis by using Mass2Motif prevalence.

Background: High intensity training could be an effective way of improving health on individuals at high metabolic risk. Aim: To investigate the effects of a high intensity training intervention on metabolic-related markers in sedentary women at high metabolic risk. Material and Methods: Forty six sedentary women with a body mass index (BMI) over 25 kg/m2 were assigned to four groups, according to their metabolic profile; hyperglycemia (H, n = 12), hyperglycemia/hypercholesterolemia (HH, n = 13), normoglycemia (N, n = 10) and normoglycemia/hypercholesterolemia (NH, n = 11). For 12 weeks and five days per week, subjects performed seven intervals of high intensity training (20 to 30 seconds) during a training session of 20 minutes. Anthropometric (body weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference) and metabolic variables (glucose, total cholesterol, LDL, HDL and TG) were measured at baseline, at 6 and 12 weeks of intervention. Results: BMI and waist circumference decreased significantly after 12 weeks of intervention. Similarly, glucose decreased significantly after 12 weeks of intervention in all groups. The reduction was of higher magnitude in those groups with hyperglycemia (H = -16%, HH = -22%, N = -7,5%, NH = -9,6%). However, lipid profile (TG, total cholesterol, LDL and HDL) improved significantly only in the hypercholesterolemic groups. Conclusions: Physical activity programs incorporating high intensity training can improve glucose and lipid profile in women with metabolic disorders. Moreover, this benefit is greatest in those individuals with highest metabolic burden.

Birth weight and early growth have been associated with later blood pressure. However, not all studies consistently find a significant reduction in blood pressure with an increase in birth weight. In addition, the relative importance of birth weight and of other lifestyle and environmental factors is often overlooked and the association is rarely studied in adolescents. We investigated early life predictors, including birth weight, of adolescent blood pressure in the Gateshead Millennium Study (GMS). The GMS is a cohort of 1029 individuals born in 1999-2000 in Gateshead in Northern England. Throughout infancy and early childhood, detailed information were collected, including birth weight and measures of height and weight. Assessments of 491 returning participants at age 12 years included measures of body mass and blood pressure. Linear regression and path analysis were used to determine predictors and their relative importance on blood pressure. Birth weight was not directly associated with blood pressure at the age of 12. However, after adjustment for contemporaneous body mass index (BMI), an inverse association of standardized birth weight on systolic blood pressure was significant. The relative importance of birth weight on later systolic blood pressure was smaller than other contemporaneous body measures (height and BMI). There was no independent association of birth weight on blood pressure seen in this adolescent population. Contemporaneous body measures have an important role to play. Lifestyle factors that influence body mass or size, such as diet and physical activity, where interventions are directed at early prevention of hypertension should be targeted.

Quantifying rates of erosion on cliffed coasts across a range of timescales is vital for understanding the drivers and processes of coastal change and for assessing risks posed by future cliff retreat. Historical records cover at best the last 150 years; cosmogenic isotopes, such as 10Be could allow us to look further into the past to assess coastal change on millennial timescales. Cosmogenic isotopes accumulate in situ near the Earth surface and have been used extensively to quantify erosion rates, burial dates and surface exposure ages in terrestrial landscapes over the last 3 decades. More recently, applications in rocky coast settings have quantified the timing of mass wasting events, determined long-term averaged rates of cliff retreat and revealed the exposure history of shore platforms. In this contribution, we develop and explore a numerical model for the accumulation of 10Be on eroding shore platforms. In a series of numerical experiments, we investigated the influence of topographic and water shielding, dynamic platform erosion processes, the presence and variation in beach cover, and heterogeneous distribution of erosion on the distribution of 10Be across shore platforms. Results demonstrate that, taking into account relative sea level change and tides, the concentration of 10Be is sensitive to rates of cliff retreat. Factors such as topographic shielding and beach cover act to reduce 10Be concentrations on the platform and may result in overestimation of cliff retreat rates if not accounted for. The shape of the distribution of 10Be across a shore platform can potentially reveal whether cliff retreat rates are declining or accelerating through time. Measurement of 10Be in shore platforms has great potential to allow us to quantify long-term rates of cliff retreat and platform erosion.