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By examining the donations by the local nobility to the local church, this thesis aims to study the church as a public room. By analyzing the donations of the nobility in relation to Habermas concept of the public sphere and the concept of conspicuous consumption the donations to the churches can be viewed as manifestations of power. This thesis studies all donations to the churches that leaves material and visual remnants in the church room. The results shows that there was a conscious strategy for the nobility to use the church for manifestation and representation of power. The nobility used their donations to manifest their power and to represent the power towards the people. This was done by filling the church with their names and coats of arms. By donating liturgical objects, church silver, chapels and coats of arms used for funerals the nobility was able to symbolically place themselves in the religious rituals. The church as a room was a symbolically and hierarchical place, and by connecting themselves with this room by donations the nobility could manifest their position in society, both locally and nationally. 

The intent of this examination is to study anatomical jewelry design, withreproductions of the clitoris and uterus, its feminist connection and symbolism.Three Swedish female designers represent the foundation for this study, wheretheir specific jewelry is analyzed. Choice of designers are Clit co,Feministsmeden and Statement by Lann, a presentation of them can be found inthe second part on page 15. The main question in this study is; How come thewoman's body and genitals have become jewelry and how are these symbolslinked to feminism? Are these anatomical images inclusive or exclusive from agender perspective? The method in this survey focuses on semiotics and imageanalysis with inspiration from discourse analysis and hermeneutics, with atheory rooted in gender, feminism and exposition of the female body. Byfocusing on signification and intention, the study reaches a hypotheticalconclusion about the connection between anatomical jewelry and feminism.  Syftet med denna undersökning är att studera anatomisk smyckesdesign, med återgivningenav klitoris och livmodern, dess feministiska anknytning och symbolik. Tre svenska kvinnligadesigners står som material för studien, där deras specifika smycken analyseras. I del två avarbetet presenteras de utvalda kreatörerna Clit co, Feministsmeden och Statement by Lann.Huvudfrågan i denna studie är; Hur kommer det sig att kvinnans kropp och könsorgan harblivit smycken och hur är dessa symboler kopplade till feminism? Är dessa anatomiskaskildringar inkluderande eller exkluderande ur ett genusperspektiv? Metoden i studienfokuserar på semiotisk bildanalys med inspiration ur diskursanalys och hermeneutik, medteori förankrad i genus, feminism och kroppspolitik. Genom att fokusera på budskap ochintention når studien en hypotetisk slutsats kring sambandet mellan anatomiska smycken ochfeminism.

Review of Corpus Linguistics and 17th-century Prostitution: Computational Linguistics and History by Anthony McEnery and Helen Baker (2017)

Västergarn is a medieval settlement situated on the west coast of the island of Gotland in the Baltic Sea. It has for a long time been the focus of study for researchers due to its cultural heritage in regards of its church, rampart and archaeological remains of a settlement dating to the Early Middle Ages. The University of Uppsala conducted excavations at the site during 2005–2013 which have led to large amounts of archaeological material which enabled several theses being written about the place. This thesis aims to study metal dress accessories from Västergarn and the people behind these artifacts who lived there during the early medieval period. Gender identity, ethnicity and cultural belonging will be addressed. The main part of the thesis focuses on typology and chronology. This will be achieved by a morphological study of the material. In addition to this, an ArcGis study is conducted to study distribution patterns in the settlement. The conclusion is that dress accessories allow different conclusions on the population of Västergarn. In terms of gender, it is argued that both men and women were present, albeit artefacts of male gender dominate the assemblages. The majority of the material in terms of ethnicity and cultural identity can be attributed to a Gotlandic tradition, while some dress accessories seem to come from abroad, to the Slavonic areas and other regions in the Baltic Sea. Also, oriental influences can be seen, mainly in regard to the decorated belt mounts. in conclusion, the result of this thesis indicates that two separate groups, both Gotlanders and non-Gotlanders were active in Västergarn during the early Middle Ages which is visible in the two churches, the Baltic ware pottery and the form of dress accessories people wore at the time.

Pre-processing Arabic text for Text-to-Speech (TTS) systems poses major challenges, as Arabic omits short vowels in writing. This omission leads to a large number of homographs, and means that Arabic text needs to be diacritized to disambiguate these homographs, in order to be matched up with the intended pronunciation. Diacritizing Arabic has generally been achieved by using rule-based, statistical, or hybrid methods that combine rule-based and statistical methods. Recently, diacritization methods involving deep learning have shown promise in reducing error rates. These deep-learning methods are not yet commonly used in TTS engines, however. To examine neural diacritization methods for use in TTS engines, we normalized and pre-processed a version of the Tashkeela corpus, a large diacritized corpus containing largely Classical Arabic texts, for TTS purposes. We then trained and tested three state-of-the-art Recurrent-Neural-Network-based models on this data set. Additionally we tested these models on the Wiki News corpus, a test set that contains Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) news articles and thus more closely resembles most TTS queries. The models were evaluated by comparing the Diacritic Error Rate (DER) and Word Error Rate (WER) achieved for each data set to one another and to the DER and WER reported in the original papers. Moreover, the per-diacritic accuracy was examined, and a manual evaluation was performed. For the Tashkeela corpus, all models achieved a lower DER and WER than reported in the original papers. This was largely the result of using more training data in addition to the TTS pre-processing steps that were performed on the data. For the Wiki News corpus, the error rates were higher, largely due to the domain gap between the data sets. We found that for both data sets the models overfit on common patterns and the most common diacritic. For the Wiki News corpus the models struggled with Named Entities and loanwords. Purely neural models generally outperformed the model that combined deep learning with rule-based and statistical corrections. These findings highlight the usability of deep learning methods for Arabic diacritization in TTS engines as well as the need for diacritized corpora that are more representative of Modern Standard Arabic.

Museums represent complex layers of place. From carefully managed curatorial spaces, to exhibition environments, to the layout of display cases, to the representation of distant parts embodied in the collections of the great encyclopedic collections, the negotiation, representation and presentation of place has always been central to the mission of any museum. This chapter will examine the history of how museums (especially museum catalogues) present place, from early origins to the Internet. A set of case studies will be examined as a means of exploring how, where and in what form art objects and artefacts first began to be transported from non-Western to Western nations for display in the museums of Western capitals, thus representing the origins of what Cuno has called our “basic and inevitable cultural interrelatedness”; and what others have called “object itineraries” or “object biographies”. A comparison will be made of the same museums’ online representation of the same places today. It will thus be possible to present a framework for considering object itineraries – historic and modern - as a subject of both history and historiography. ancient itineraries, funded by the Getty Foundation

The history of California is in many ways a story about water, and the outsized effect that droughts, floods, and seasonal precipitation rates have had on the political and economic development of the state over the past 170 years. This thesis uses discourse analysis of historical and ongoing negotiations that have been presented in federal and state reports, narratives, case laws and legislation to explore how the discourse around water politics has been shaped in the state. From this, an antiessentialist environmental history develops around the relationship between overdrafted groundwater basins in the Central Valley and the agriculture industry located there. Finally, this thesis explores what the future of a waterscape built during the capitalization of modern society may look like as we move towards a new regime of nature.

This master thesis aims at portraying the living and dead body in Roma monastery at the island of Gotland through archaeological and osteological analyses. The osteo-archaeological material from Roma analysed consists of two individuals from coffin burials in the chapter-house and possibly four individuals from a chamber in the cloister. The main question in this thesis is to investigate the relationship between these individuals and the understanding of the religious body in the Cistercian order, especially in respect to the Rule of Sankt Benedict. Manual and spiritual work have been two important factors in Cistercian houses, and this could be seen in the osteo-archaeological material. Through osteological analysis degenerative changes in the spine and knees of the individuals were detected. These changes indicate that the individuals were active workers during a period of their life, and thereby lived according to the Rule. By means of an isotopeanalysis and a study of the dental status it is argued that the buried individuals were omnivores. The two burials from the chapter house are interpreted as abbot burials. It is also argued that all the interments studied in terms of burial practice display a high degree of liturgical expertise within the congregation of Roma monastery. The living had a will and a need to provide physical and spiritual care for their dead in line with the Rule of Sankt Benedict. Romaprojektet