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The proposed paper will focus on a specific tool for interpreting the indicators of territorial cohesion selected in the ESPON INTERCO project : sigma-convergence. By means of a combined analytical and participatory approach, INTERCO selected and prioritised indicators usable by policy makers. From more than 600 potential indicators identified in the first phase of the project, INTERCO finalised 32 top indicators organised in 6 territorial objectives. Once the indicators selected, their classical displays of as values at one point in time (e.g. GDP per capita in 2010 at NUTS3 level) or as trends (e.g. evolution of GDP per capita 2000-2010) are not sufficient to assess territorial cohesion. An additional measure of the disparities between territories is proposed in order to understand whether Europe moves toward territorial cohesion or not : sigma-convergence. Originally developed in the economics domain, sigma-convergence can be calculated for each selected indicator of territorial cohesion using the coefficient of variation (i.e. the ratio of the standard deviation to the mean). The evolution of this coefficient through time allows its interpretation in terms of reduction of differences between territories, hence in terms of trend towards territorial cohesion. Provided that time-series data are available (which is a key criterion for the selection of indicators in the INTERCO project), sigma-convergence of the various indicators can be further compared in order to get a synthetic view over multiple themes. The quantitative and visual application of sigma-convergence to INTERCO indicators is presented. Strengths and weaknesses in the use of the sigma-convergence measure are further discussed. The article concludes with recommendations for future applications of sigma-convergence for the selection and the presentation of indicators, as well as for their interpretation in terms of territorial cohesion by policy makers.

International audience; Globalization through individualization together with an increase of translocal relations has opened up new ways of identification. Music as a set of symbolic elements enables this identification process. Indie rock as a globalized musical genre is a fruitful field that gives insight into understanding how individuals adopt and adapt a musical style. The aim of this research is to describe how indie rock bands are situated in Switzerland within the indie rock genre, and how they get in contact and identify with it. This research is based on 15 individual interviews conducted with members of six different Swiss indie bands. The results show that these bands uphold translocal identification with the international musical genre through, among others, the generalized use of English as the language of indie rock. However, since only few of them have connections abroad, this translocal identification is mainly mediated through the consumption of both live and recorded music from international artists. Due to this peripheral position, these bands are unable to play a significant role within the indie rock scene. Their music is, so to say, internationally inspired but locally produced. In this context, they are still very dependent on their geographical environment considered as a space of experience and resource. Yet, local identity does not seem to be claimed neither is the feeling of belonging to a local scene. This research shows that indie rock has to be understood through the lense of a rhizomic phenomenon, which is being constantly adapted by individuals through a variety of mediators. Moreover it challenges the idea of a local scene by showing how it is socially constructed.

Cubature formulas and geometrical designs are described in terms of reproducing kernels for Hilbert spaces of functions on the one hand, and Markov operators associated to orthogonal group representations on the other hand. In this way, several known results for spheres in Euclidean spaces, involving cubature formulas for polynomial functions and spherical designs, are shown to generalize to large classes of finite measure spaces $(Omega,sigma)$ and appropriate spaces of functions inside $L^2(Omega,sigma)$. The last section points out how spherical designs are related to a class of reflection groups which are (in general dense) subgroups of orthogonal groups.

Atmospheric turbidity is shown to have a major influence on direct luminous efficacy. Based on this observation a physical direct luminous efficacy model is derived from spectrally integrated turbidity equations. Two independent data banks are used to validate this model in comparison to state of the art direct luminous efficacy models found in the literature. Atmospheric turbidity is estimated from horizontal visibility measurements.

International audience; We study how elementary school pupils give sense to the moves of a mobile robot in a mathematical game. The game consists in choosing 3 numbers out of 6, whose sum is a given target number. The robot moves on a game board have been implemented to provide pupils with a tangible feedback about their answer. We have studied strategies of pupils to solve the problem and their evolution. Our methodology included interviews, aloud verbalization and video observations of 28 pupils in grade 1 and 2 while they are playing. The pursuit of a mastery goal encourages a trial and error strategy for only some of the pupils. We conclude that some aspects of the moves of the robot, like its position, are perceived as a form of help and not as a threat, even if they are only partially understood.