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  • 2018-2022
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  • Mémoires en Sciences de l'Information et de la Communication

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Mohamad Jaafar Ali; Hassine Moungla; Mohamed Younis; Ahmed Mehaoua;

    The overlap of transmission ranges among multiple Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) is referred to as coexistence. The interference is most likely to affect the communication links and degrade the performance when sensors of different WBANs simultaneously transmit using the same channel. In this paper, we propose a distributed approach that adapts to the size of the network, i.e., the number of coexisting WBANs, and to the density of sensors forming each individual WBAN in order to minimize the impact of co-channel interference through dynamic channel hopping based on Latin rectangles. Furthermore, the proposed approach opts to reduce the overhead resulting from channel hopping, and lowers the transmission delay, and saves the power resource at both sensor- and WBAN-levels. Specifically, we propose two schemes for channel allocation and medium access scheduling to diminish the probability of inter-WBAN interference. The first scheme, namely, Distributed Interference Avoidance using Latin rectangles (DAIL), assigns channel and time-slot combination that reduces the probability of medium access collision. DAIL suits crowded areas, e.g., high density of coexisting WBANs, and involves overhead due to frequent channel hopping at the WBAN coordinator and sensors. The second scheme, namely, CHIM, takes advantage of the relatively lower density of collocated WBANs to save power by hopping among channels only when interference is detected at the level of the individual nodes. We present an analytical model that derives the collision probability and network throughput. The performance of DAIL and CHIM is further validated through simulations. Comment: 2017 Ad Hoc Networks - ELSEVIER

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    Ad Hoc Networks
    Article
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    Laure Bereni; Dorothée Prud’Homme;

    En s’appuyant sur une série de 68 entretiens avec des « responsables diversité » de grandes entreprises françaises, cet article explore les conditions de possibilité et les formes de la mobilisation de postures critiques ou « orientées vers les valeurs » par des cadres de grandes entreprises, dans leur travail. Ces cadres envisagent-ils/elles cette fonction atypique, située à l’interface entre l’entreprise et la société, comme un lieu de défense de principes juridiques, de convictions politiques ou de valeurs éthiques, au-delà de la cause de l’entreprise ? Nous mettons au jour la variété des manières d’investir la fonction en distinguant trois postures idéales-typiques : l’expert·e distancié·e (ou gestionnaire de projets), qui prend soin de mettre à distance ce qui pourrait l’associer non seulement à une militante mais aussi à une spécialiste de la diversité ; l’expert·e critique (ou militant professionnel) qui poursuit une mission de réforme de l’entreprise, en s’appuyant sur des principes juridiques et politiques ; l’expert·e investi·e (ou professionnelle de la vertu), qui valorise fortement la dimension civique de la fonction, tout en se tenant à distance de toute dimension politique – conflictuelle et critique. En croisant les apports de la littérature sur le militantisme intra-organisationnel et des travaux sur l’ethos professionnel des cadres exerçant des fonctions associées à la « responsabilité sociale des entreprises », l’article met au jour différentes formes d’articulation entre la rationalité gestionnaire et d’autres sphères de valeurs dans le monde des affaires. Drawing on 68 interviews with diversity managers working in the headquarters of French global companies, this article explores the extent to which they develop a professional identity that is critical and/or oriented to values. Do they envision their atypical role at the interface between the company and society as a site for defending legal principles, political convictions, or ethical values, above and beyond working for business interests? We expose the variety of ways in which diversity managers define their professional role, distinguishing three ideal-typical identities: 1)the distanced expert (or "project manager"), who is careful to hold at bay anything that might make her appear as a diversity specialist, let alone a diversity activist; 2)the critical expert (or "professional activist"), whose see himself as engaged in progressive reform of the company, based on legal and political antidiscrimination principles; 3)and the committed expert (or "performer of corporate virtue”), who attaches great value to the civic dimension of the role while distancing herself from its political (conflictual and critical) dimensions. Contributing to scholarships on intra-organization activism as well as on CSR professionals' identity work, the article brings to light a range of ways by which business rationality is combined with other normative orders within large corporate settings.

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    Bourbousson, Céline;

    Notre recherche propose d’appréhender la « mise en dispositif », au sens de Foucault (1977), de projets de polarisation territoriale dans le champ de l’économie sociale et solidaire (ESS). Nous nous appuyons sur une analyse multi-niveaux qui se décline sous la forme : (1) d’une enquête qualitative sur l’élaboration du dispositif Pôle Territorial de Coopération Economique (PTCE) par les acteurs nationaux, (2) de deux études de cas auprès de deux de ces pôles en région Paca. Plus précisément, nous mobilisons la grille d’analyse du travail institutionnel pour cerner les pratiques mises en oeuvre par les deux PTCE pour s’approprier le dispositif dans un contexte de pluralisme institutionnel. Deux niveaux de résultats sont proposés. Le premier revient à éclairer le phénomène de banalisation du dispositif PTCE à l’échelle nationale, qui est d’abord caractérisé par une logique civique de développement territorial alternatif qui se voit ensuite remplacée par une logique gestionnaire de normalisation de l’ESS. Le second niveau de résultats consiste à caractériser les modalités d’appropriation de ce dispositif à l’échelle méso des deux cas analysés. Il en ressort que le PTCE qui parvient à survivre et à se développer est celui qui hybride les logiques civique et gestionnaire. Le second PTCE, très façonné par la logique civique, ne parvient pas à pérenniser son activité et suscite un rejet du dispositif, dont il ne partage aucunement l’intention stratégique. Conjuguer une posture critique à une analyse néo-institutionnaliste nous permet de dégager plusieurs apports théoriques. (1) Nous dessinons les contours conceptuels d’un nouveau type de dispositif que nous qualifions de normalisateur. (2) L’analyse du travail institutionnel dans un contexte de pluralisme institutionnel met en évidence un nouveau type de pratiques : celles qui ont trait à la résistance institutionnelle. Our research focuses on the adoption of a dispositive (Foucault, 1977) destinated to territorial polarization projects in the field of social and solidarity economy. We build on a multi-scalar approach which consists in : (1) a qualitative survey of the construction of the Pôle Territorial de Coopération Economique (“Territorial Cluster for Economic Cooperation”) policy by national actors, (2) two case studies of two of these clusters, selected in region Paca. More specifically, we build on the institutional work theory to characterize the practices deployed by the two TCECs in order to appropriate the dispositive in a context of institutional pluralism. Two levels of results are proposed. The first one sheds light on the banalisation process of the TCEC dispositive at the national level, which is first dominated by a civic logic of alternative territorial development that is then effaced by a a managerial logic of normalization of SSE. The second level of results consists in characterizing the modalities of appropriation of this dispositive at the meso scale of the two clusters analysed. It appears that the TCEC which manages to survive and develop is the one that hybridizes the civic and managerial logics. The other one, particularly shaped by the civic logic, doesn’t manage to perpetuate its activities and implies a reject of the dispositive, since it doesn’t share its strategic intention. Combining a critical approach and a neo-institutionalist analysis leads to several theoretical contributions. (1) We draw the outlines of a new type of dispositive that we conceptualize as a normalizing dispostive. (2) The analysis of institutional work in a context of institutional pluralism highlights a new type of practices : the ones which deal with institutional resistance.

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    HAL AMU
    Doctoral thesis . 2018
    Data sources: HAL AMU
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    Rangel, Jhonnatan;

    L’ayapaneco, zoque ayapaneco ou numte ʔoote (ethnonyme) est une langue en danger appartenant à la famille mixe-zoque et parlée exclusivement dans l’état de Tabasco, au Mexique, par environ 11 personnes âgées entre 69 et 95 ans. L’ayapaneco est l’une des langues de cette famille la moins étudiée et la moins documentée. Depuis les années 1950, elle ne se transmet plus aux nouvelles générations et son utilisation est actuellement très limitée dans le quotidien des locuteurs. Cette thèse documente, décrit et analyse tant la situation sociolinguistique de l’ayapaneco que sa réalité linguistique, en particulier l’existence de variations linguistiques. Bien que la variation soit un phénomène inhérent à toutes les langues du monde, les langues en danger présentent des défis théoriques et méthodologiques pour l’analyse des variations. Après avoir expliqué les variations linguistiques et les mécanismes qui les caractérisent en ayapaneco, cette thèse propose d’apporter des éléments nouveaux qui n’étaient pas pris en considération auparavant pour l’étude de la variation linguistique d’une langue vivant une situation de danger critique comme l’ayapaneco. Ceci contribue à questionner les analyses traditionnelles et à impulser, à partir d’une analyse multifactorielle, des explications originales pour faire avancer nos connaissances sur la nature des variations et du changement linguistique dans les langues en danger. Ayapaneco, Zoque Ayapaneco or numte ʔoote (ethnonyme) is a critically endangered language spoken by approximately 11 people between the ages of 69- and 95-years-old in the state of Tabasco, Mexico. Ayapaneco is the least studied and least documented language in the Mixe-Zoque family. The intergenerational transmission of the language was interrupted in the 1950s. Today, it has a very limited role in the daily language practices of its remaining speakers.This thesis documents, describes and analyzes the sociolinguistic situation of Ayapaneco as well as its linguistic characteristics, focusing on language variation. Although variation is a phenomenon inherent to all world languages, studying variation within the context of critically endangered languages presents specific theoretical and methodological challenges.After presenting the characteristics of language variation in Ayapaneco, this thesis offers new perspectives on the study of these variations in critically endangered languages. A multifactorial analysis is used to question traditional approaches and propose new insights, contributing to the fields of language variation and language change in the context of critically endangered languages.

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    Hyper Article en Ligne; HAL-IRD
    Other literature type . Doctoral thesis . 2019
  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Carole Pelissier; Joséphine Lemaitre; Paul Vercherin; Frédéric Dutheil; +5 Authors

    Introduction Les plaintes rachidiennes constituent une pathologie multifactorielle complexe et un veritable enjeu socio-economique. L’objectif est de determiner la prevalence des plaintes rachidiennes aupres des etudiants hospitaliers en medecine et les facteurs professionnels associes. Materiel et methodes Une etude observationnelle transversale a ete menee aupres d’etudiants en 4e et 5e annee de medecine de la region Auvergne-Rhone-Alpes (dans les facultes de Clermont-Ferrand, Grenoble, Lyon-Sud et Saint-Etienne). Les etudiants hospitaliers en medecine participent a l’activite hospitaliere dans le cadre de deroulement de stages hospitaliers et suivent un enseignement a la faculte de medecine. Un auto-questionnaire s’appuyant sur le questionnaire de type Nordique a ete elabore et transmis par email aux etudiants a la fin de leur stage hospitalier. Les tests statistiques du Chi2, de Student et Kruskal–Wallis ont ete utilises en analyse univariee et une regression logistique en analyse multivariee. L’etude a recu un avis favorable d’un comite ethique et a ete approuvee par la CNIL. Resultats Huit cents questionnaires ont ete recueillis sur 1456 etudiants interroges. La Prevalence des plaintes rachidiennes dans les 7 derniers jours etait de 49,4 %pour les lombalgies, 47,7 % pour les cervicalgies et 33,5 % pour les dorsalgies. La Prevalence des plaintes rachidiennes dans les 12 derniers mois etait de 70,1 % pour les lombalgies, de 59 % pour les cervicalgies et de 46,6 % pour les dorsalgies. La charge horaire quotidienne de travail etait de 9,5 heures en moyenne (ecart type = 1,8). 29 % des etudiants declaraient realiser des activites de manutention de personnes. Les etudiants clermontois, a la difference des etudiants des autres facultes, alternaient les periodes de cours et les stages hospitaliers a temps plein. Ils presentaient une prevalence de plaintes rachidiennes aigues (66,2 %) et chroniques (80,3 %) significativement plus faibles que les autres etudiants (75,8 %; 89,1 %). Le genre feminin (OR = 2,18 IC95 % 1,53–3,12), les antecedents rachidiens (OR = 12,45 IC95 % 3,00–51,72), la charge horaire de travail (OR = 1,09 IC95 % 0,99–1,21), le stress (OR 1,56 IC95 % 1,05–2,32) etaient associes a la presence de plaintes rachidiennes aigues apres analyse multivariee. Conclusion Cette etude met en evidence une prevalence des plaintes rachidiennes aigues et chroniques sur un echantillon d’etudiants en medecine francais qui est superieure aux donnees anterieures de la litterature. La relation entre les plaintes rachidiennes et les facteurs psycho-organisationnels lies au travail hospitalier et universitaire pourrait etre approfondie lors d’une etude longitudinale.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Hyper Article en Lig...arrow_drop_down
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    Aurore Vigan; Melynda Hassouna; Coline Brame; Nadège Edouard; +10 Authors

    Le secteur de l’élevage est aujourd’hui confronté à une demande croissante de produits animaux à laquelle il doit répondre en limitant au maximum ses impacts environnementaux et en assurant sa durabilité. Parmi ces impacts, la pollution de l’air est une préoccupation majeure. Pour faire face au changement climatique et contribuer à l’amélioration de la qualité de l’air, les émissions de polluants atmosphériques et de gaz à effet de serre doivent être mieux caractérisées et maîtrisées afin de les prendre en compte dans l’évolution des pratiques d’élevage (alimentation, gestion des effluents, etc.). Des acteurs de la recherche et du développement se sont donc associés afin de développer une base de données appelée ELFE (ELevages et Facteurs d’Emission), compilant les valeurs publiées dans la littérature internationale des émissions d’ammoniac, de gaz à effet de serre, de particules et d’odeurs, sur toute la chaîne de gestion des effluents des élevages bovins, porcins et avicoles ainsi que leurs métadonnées associées. Parmi les 1 000 références bibliographiques collectées, environ 350 ont été intégrées à ce jour à la base de données, fournissant ainsi, un peu plus de 5 200 valeurs d’émission. La base de données ELFE permet de déterminer des moyennes d’émission associées à leurs écarts-types prenant en compte la diversité des systèmes d’élevage. Ces données pourront ainsi alimenter les inventaires nationaux d’émissions en proposant des facteurs d’émissions ajustés à des systèmes d’élevage définis et également, permettre d’évaluer la mise en place de pratiques de réduction des émissions. Cette base de données représente aussi une source d’information pour la réalisation d’évaluations multicritères permettant notamment, de préciser l’influence des métadonnées sur les niveaux d’émissions (climat, type de bâtiment, etc.). De plus, cette base propose une classification de chaque valeur d’émission en fonction du nombre de métadonnées renseignées dans les références bibliographiques (>50 % ; 30-50 % ; <30 % des métadonnées renseignées) afin d’évaluer son niveau de description. The increasing demand for animal products is a major challenge for the livestock sector that must reduce its environmental impacts and ensure its sustainability. This sector has been identified as an important contributor to polluting gas emissions. Improving the knowledge on the origin and the magnitude of air pollutants and greenhouse gases emissions from livestock sector is essential to address climate change and to contribute to improve air quality with the evolution of breeding practices (feeding strategy, manure management, etc.). A consortium involving research and extension services partners was created to build a database called ELFE (ELevages et Facteurs d’Emission) with international data from literature references focusing on emissions of ammonia, greenhouse gases, particles and odors on the different steps of manure management of cattle, pig and poultry productions systems and their associated key variables. Around 350 publications (among 1 000 publications collected) are integrated into the database and provide more than 5 200 emission values. The ELFE database allows calculating average of emission and their standard deviation taking into account the diversity of livestock systems. These data can be used to provide emission factor for national inventories for specific livestock systems and also, to evaluate practices on gas emissions mitigation. This database can also be used to analyze the influence of key variables on the emission factor variability using multicriteria assessment (climate, building type, etc.). Moreover, this database propose a classification of emission factor into three classes according to the degree on which information about their most influential key variables was complete (>50 % ; 30-50 % ; <30 % of indicated key variables) to evaluate its description.

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    Hyper Article en Ligne
    Other literature type . 2018
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    Touzeau, Amandine;

    Chez les eucaryotes, l’organisation de la chromatine est indispensable à la régulation de l’expression des gènes et la stabilité du génome. Les ciliés constituent un excellent modèle d’étude des mécanismes qui permettent de maintenir l’intégrité du génome eucaryote. Notre modèle d’étude, l’eucaryote unicellulaire Paramecium tetraurelia, se distingue par l’élimination massive et reproductible de près de 30% de séquences d’ADN germinal lors du développement du macronoyau somatique après les événements sexuels. Ces séquences sont éliminées grâce à un processus en plusieurs étapes impliquant la formation d’hétérochromatine dirigée par de petits ARN suivi d’excision par la transposase domestiquée Piggy Mac (Pgm) et de réparation. Les mécanismes moléculaires permettant de comprendre la reconnaissance spécifique de ces séquences germinales dans le contexte de la chromatine ainsi que la précision de la coupure demeurent mal compris.Le chaperon d’histone Spt16, associée au partenaire Pob3, fait partie du complexe hétéro-dimérique FACT (FAcilitates Chromatin Transactions). FACT intervient dans de nombreux mécanismes liés au métabolisme de l’ADN tels que la transcription, la réparation, la réplication ou l’accessibilité de la chromatine. Chez Paramecium tetraurelia, on a identifié deux protéines homologues de Spt16 et Pob3 exprimées uniquement durant le développement du macronoyau au moment où se produisent les réarrangements. Les protéines Spt16-1 et Pob3-1 fusionnées à la GFP se localisent dans les macronoyaux en développement. Nous avons montré que la protéine Spt16-1 est essentielle à la production d’une descendance sexuelle viable. Le reséquençage du génome après inactivation de SPT16-1 a montré que Spt16-1 est nécessaire à l‘ensemble des réarrangements du génome et conduit à des défauts semblables à ceux obtenus suite à l’inactivation de PGM. Spt16-1 agit en aval des voies de dépôt des marques d’hétérochromatine guidées par les petits ARNs mais en amont de l’endonucléase Pgm. Nous avons montré que Spt16-1 était nécessaire à la localisation correcte de Pgm responsable de l’introduction des cassures double brin dans les macronoyaux en développement. Nous proposons un modèle dans lequel Spt16-1 favorise l’interaction de la machinerie d’excision avec la chromatine pour rendre accessible les sites de coupure sur l’ADN à Pgm.La méthylation des adénines sur l’ADN (6mA), bien connue chez les bactéries pour son rôle dans le système de restriction modification, a été décrite ces deux dernières années chez plusieurs eucaryotes en faible proportion dans le génome. Cependant son rôle chez les eucaryotes est encore peu compris. D’anciennes analyses par chromatographie à l’aide de nucléotides marqués détectaient de l’ordre de 2,5% des adénines méthylées chez P. tetraurelia mais sa localisation précise n’avait jamais été montrée. Il avait été proposé que cette modification pourrait signaler avec précision les sites de coupures pendant les réarrangements d’ADN où une partie des séquences germinales présentent des bornes AT. L’abondance des adénines méthylées fait de la paramécie un excellent modèle d’étude de cette modification. En combinant des techniques d’Immunofluorescence, d’HPLC-MS et de séquençage, nous avons ainsi décrit la présence et la localisation dans la cellule et au cours du cycle de vie de 6mA chez P. tetraurelia. Ces approches ont également permis de montrer l’absence de cytosine méthylée chez la paramécie. Nous avons montré que la méthylation des adénines était retrouvée majoritairement dans le génome somatique et de manière transitoire dans le génome germinal. Elle est établie au cours du développement du macronoyau somatique quand se produisent les réarrangements du génome. Ces résultats préliminaires permettront de poursuivre l’étude de la méthylation afin d’identifier les enzymes responsables et son rôle dans la cellule. In eukaryotes, chromatin organization is required for the regulation of gene expression and genome stability. Ciliate provide excellent model to study mechanisms involved in maintain of genome integrity. Our study model, the unicellular eukaryote Paramecium tetraurelia, has the particularity to eliminate massively and reproducibly 30% of germinal DNA sequences during the development of the somatic macronucleus after sexual events. Those sequences are eliminated by a multi-step process involving small RNA-directed heterochromatin formation followed by DNA excision by the domesticated transposase Piggy Mac (Pgm) and DNA repair. Molecular mechanisms underlying the specific recognition of those germinal sequences in chromatin context and the precision of the excision, remain elusive. The histone chaperone Spt16, associated to its partner Pob3, is part of the heterodimeric complex FACT (FAcilitates Chromatin Transactions). FACT is implicated in many mechanisms involving DNA metabolism such as transcription, repair, replication or chromatin accessibility. In P. tetraurelia, we identified two homologous proteins to Spt16 and Pob3 expressed only during macronucleus development at the time when genome rearrangements occur. Spt16-1 and Pob3-1 fused to GFP are localized in developing macronuclei. We showed that Spt16-1 is required to obtain a viable sexual progeny. Genome re-sequencing after SPT16-1 inactivation showed that Spt16-1 was required for all DNA elimination events and leads to similar phenotypes and defects to those obtained after PGM inactivation. Spt16-1 acts downstream of small RNA-directed heterochromatin formation and upstream of Pgm. We showed that Spt16-1 was required for the correct localization of Pgm responsible for DNA double strand breaks in developing macronuclei. We proposed a model in which Spt16-1 mediates interaction between chromatin and excision machinery that facilitates access to DNA cleavage sites for the Pgm endonuclease. Adenine DNA methylation, well known in bacteria for its role in restriction modification system, has been described during the last two years in several eukaryotes but in low proportion in the genome. However, its role in eukaryotes remains elusive. Previous analyses by chromatography with radio labelled nucleotides detected around 2,5% of methylated adenine in P. tetraurelia but its precise localization and role have never been analyzed. It has been proposed that this modification could mark with precision the excision sites during genome rearrangements when part of the eliminated sequences carry AT boundaries. The abundance of methylated adenine makes of Paramecium an excellent model to study this modification. Combining immunofluorescence techniques, HPLC-MS and sequencing, we described the presence and the cellular localization during life cycle of 6mA in P. tetraurelia. Those approaches allowed us to show that methylated cytosine are absent in Paramecium. We showed that methylation is mainly found in the somatic genome and transiently in germinal genome. It appears during somatic macronucleus development when genome rearrangements occur. Those preliminary results will allow us to pursue the study of adenine methylation by identifying responsible enzymes and its role in the cell.

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    Other literature type . 2018
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    Ghliss, Yosra;

    À partir d’une conception dynamique et plurielle des émotions, cette thèse propose une réflexion sur l'inscription discursive des affects dans les interactions numériques de type WhatsApp. Elle s'inscrit dans le domaine de l’analyse du discours en interaction (Kerbrat-Orecchioni, 2005) en faisant dialoguer le cadre du discours numérique (Paveau, 2017) avec les propositions théoriques des sciences de l'information et la communication (Allard, 2017). Si les linguistes ont longtemps souligné l’infinité des marques langagières des émotions (Kerbrat-Orecchioni, 2000) voire même leurs hétérogénéités (Plantin, 2011 ; Micheli, 2014), ce postulat est encore plus attesté dans les écosystèmes numériques où l’expression des affects se trouve distribuée dans toute l’interface numérique intégrant indifféremment les mots et les gestes (Jeanneret et Souchier, 1999). Suite à une réflexion méthodologique autour de la constitution du corpus numérique WhatsApp, ce travail porte sur les ressources sémiotiques et discursives dans l’expression des émotions. Ces dernières se voient matérialisées dans de nouvelles formes verbales comme les émotimots lol et mdr, entendus comme un sociolecte de l'affect. Mais dans le cadre des messageries numériques, l’expression des émotions dépassent le verbal pour s’incarner dans des formes l’iconique marquées les photodiscours, où la capture photographique se tisse avec le verbal pour co-construire le sens. À partir d’analyses qualitatives des observables prélevés, cette thèse montre comment les locuteurs et locutrices renouvellent sans cesses les formes d’expression des émotions et comment ils et elles composent avec les affordances numériques du système, pour explorer des versions inédites dans la gestion interactionnelle des affects. Starting from a dynamic and plural conception of emotions, this thesis reflects on the discursive inscription of affects in digital interactions like WhatsApp. It is part of the field of analysis of discourses in interaction (Kerbrat-Orecchioni, 2005) by making the framework of digital discourse (Paveau, 2017) echo with the theoretical propositions of information and communication sciences (Allard, 2017). If linguists have long stressed the infinity of the linguistic marks of emotions (Kerbrat-Orecchioni 2000) or even their heterogeneity (Plantin, 2011 ; Micheli, 2014), this postulate is even more relevant in digital ecosystems where the expression of affects is distributed throughout the digital interface integrating words and gestures indifferently (Jeanneret and Souchier, 1999). Following a methodological reflection on the constitution of the WhatsApp digital corpus, this work focuses on the semiotic and discursive resources in the expression of emotions. The latter are materialised in new verbal forms such as the emotiwords lol and mdr, understood as a sociolect of the affect. Nevertheless, in the context of digital messaging, the expression of emotions goes beyond the verbal to be embodied in iconicforms marked by photodiscourses, where the photographic capture is woven with theverbal to co-elaborate meaning. Based on qualitative analyses of the collectedobservables, this thesis shows how the speakers constantly renew the forms ofemotional expressions and how they deal with the digital affordances of the system, toexplore new versions in the interactional management of affects.

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    Marion Erny; Marika Lundqvist; Jon H. Rasmussen; Olivier Ludemann-Hombourger; +2 Authors

    Aiming at advancing protocols for safer, environmentally sensible peptide synthesis we report our findings with regard to the occurrence of hydrogen cyanide (HCN, prussic acid) in amide bond-forming reactions mediated by diisopropylcarbodiimide (DIC) and ethyl (hydroxyimino)cyanoacetate (Oxyma). We determined that HCN is always formed in amide bond-forming reactions on solid support in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) when DIC/Oxyma is employed. In an attempt to minimize the formation of prussic acid by means of preventing the linear DIC/Oxyma adduct 2 from cyclizing to oxadiazole 3 and in turnreleasing HCN, we evaluated a series of greener solvents such as N-butylpyrrolidinone (NBP), NBP/ethyl acetate (EtOAc, 1:1), methyl 5-(dimethylamino)-2-methyl-5-oxopentanoate (PolarClean, PC), and PC/EtOAc (1:1). We found that the ratio between 2 and 3 greatly depends on the solvent used, and consequently, we further examined DMF, NBP, NBP/EtOAc (1:1), and NBP/EtOAc (1:4) as solvents for DIC/Oxyma-mediated amidations on solid support and in solution. We found that using carboxylic acid/Oxyma/DIC in a 1:1:1 ratio the rate of HCN formation decreases in the following order DMF > NBP > NBP/EtOAc (1:1) > NBP/EtOAc (1:4), while the reaction rate increases in the order of DMF ≈ NBP < NBP/EtOAc (1:1) < NBP/EtOAc (1:4). Of thesolvents examined, the NBP/EtOAc (1:4) mixture gave the lowest rate of HCN formation and the highest rate of amide bond formation both in solution and on solid support. As altering the solvent for DIC/Oxyma-mediated amidations resulted in suppressing HCN rather than its full elimination we evaluated the concept of in situ scavenging of the HCN formed. We performed DIC/Oxyma-mediated amidation of Fmoc-Gly-OH + (S)-(−)-1-phenylethylamine in deuterated DMF with 0, 5, and 10 equiv of dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS) as HCN scavenger. The formation of HCN and rate of amidation was monitored by 1H NMR, revealing that DMTS scavenges HCN without inhibiting the rate of amidation. DIC/Oxyma-mediated amidations of Fmoc-Ser(t-Bu)−OHwith (S)-(−)-1-phenylethylamine in DMF and NBP/EtOAc (1:4) with and without 10 equiv of DMTS were performed and found to be comparable.

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    Organic Process Research & Development
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    Lama Khalil; Debora Pierucci; Evangelos Papalazarou; Julien Chaste; +6 Authors

    International audience; Hybrid heterostructures, made of organic molecules adsorbed on two-dimensional metal monochalcogenide, generally unveil interfacial effects that improve the electronic properties of the single constitutive layers. Here, we investigate the interfacial electronic characteristics of the F4-TCNQ/single-layer GaSe heterostructure. A sharp F4-TCNQ/GaSe interface has been obtained and characterized by x-ray photoemission spectroscopy. We demonstrate that a high electron transfer from 1TL GaSe into the adsorbed F4-TCNQ molecules takes place, thereby yielding a reduction in the excess negative charge density of GaSe. Additionally, the direct band-structure determination of the heterostructure has been carried out using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy, shedding light on essential features such as doping and band offset at the interface. Our results indicate that the buried 1TL GaSe below the F4-TCNQ layer exhibits a robust inversion of the valence dispersion at the Γ point, forming a Mexican-hat-shaped dispersion with 120 ± 10 meV of depth. Our experiments also reveal that F4-TCNQ can significantly tune the electronic properties of 1TL GaSe by shifting the band offset of about 0.16 eV toward lower binding energies with respect to the Fermi level, which is a key feature for envisioning its applications in nanoelectronics.

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    Mohamad Jaafar Ali; Hassine Moungla; Mohamed Younis; Ahmed Mehaoua;

    The overlap of transmission ranges among multiple Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) is referred to as coexistence. The interference is most likely to affect the communication links and degrade the performance when sensors of different WBANs simultaneously transmit using the same channel. In this paper, we propose a distributed approach that adapts to the size of the network, i.e., the number of coexisting WBANs, and to the density of sensors forming each individual WBAN in order to minimize the impact of co-channel interference through dynamic channel hopping based on Latin rectangles. Furthermore, the proposed approach opts to reduce the overhead resulting from channel hopping, and lowers the transmission delay, and saves the power resource at both sensor- and WBAN-levels. Specifically, we propose two schemes for channel allocation and medium access scheduling to diminish the probability of inter-WBAN interference. The first scheme, namely, Distributed Interference Avoidance using Latin rectangles (DAIL), assigns channel and time-slot combination that reduces the probability of medium access collision. DAIL suits crowded areas, e.g., high density of coexisting WBANs, and involves overhead due to frequent channel hopping at the WBAN coordinator and sensors. The second scheme, namely, CHIM, takes advantage of the relatively lower density of collocated WBANs to save power by hopping among channels only when interference is detected at the level of the individual nodes. We present an analytical model that derives the collision probability and network throughput. The performance of DAIL and CHIM is further validated through simulations. Comment: 2017 Ad Hoc Networks - ELSEVIER

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    Laure Bereni; Dorothée Prud’Homme;

    En s’appuyant sur une série de 68 entretiens avec des « responsables diversité » de grandes entreprises françaises, cet article explore les conditions de possibilité et les formes de la mobilisation de postures critiques ou « orientées vers les valeurs » par des cadres de grandes entreprises, dans leur travail. Ces cadres envisagent-ils/elles cette fonction atypique, située à l’interface entre l’entreprise et la société, comme un lieu de défense de principes juridiques, de convictions politiques ou de valeurs éthiques, au-delà de la cause de l’entreprise ? Nous mettons au jour la variété des manières d’investir la fonction en distinguant trois postures idéales-typiques : l’expert·e distancié·e (ou gestionnaire de projets), qui prend soin de mettre à distance ce qui pourrait l’associer non seulement à une militante mais aussi à une spécialiste de la diversité ; l’expert·e critique (ou militant professionnel) qui poursuit une mission de réforme de l’entreprise, en s’appuyant sur des principes juridiques et politiques ; l’expert·e investi·e (ou professionnelle de la vertu), qui valorise fortement la dimension civique de la fonction, tout en se tenant à distance de toute dimension politique – conflictuelle et critique. En croisant les apports de la littérature sur le militantisme intra-organisationnel et des travaux sur l’ethos professionnel des cadres exerçant des fonctions associées à la « responsabilité sociale des entreprises », l’article met au jour différentes formes d’articulation entre la rationalité gestionnaire et d’autres sphères de valeurs dans le monde des affaires. Drawing on 68 interviews with diversity managers working in the headquarters of French global companies, this article explores the extent to which they develop a professional identity that is critical and/or oriented to values. Do they envision their atypical role at the interface between the company and society as a site for defending legal principles, political convictions, or ethical values, above and beyond working for business interests? We expose the variety of ways in which diversity managers define their professional role, distinguishing three ideal-typical identities: 1)the distanced expert (or "project manager"), who is careful to hold at bay anything that might make her appear as a diversity specialist, let alone a diversity activist; 2)the critical expert (or "professional activist"), whose see himself as engaged in progressive reform of the company, based on legal and political antidiscrimination principles; 3)and the committed expert (or "performer of corporate virtue”), who attaches great value to the civic dimension of the role while distancing herself from its political (conflictual and critical) dimensions. Contributing to scholarships on intra-organization activism as well as on CSR professionals' identity work, the article brings to light a range of ways by which business rationality is combined with other normative orders within large corporate settings.

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    Bourbousson, Céline;

    Notre recherche propose d’appréhender la « mise en dispositif », au sens de Foucault (1977), de projets de polarisation territoriale dans le champ de l’économie sociale et solidaire (ESS). Nous nous appuyons sur une analyse multi-niveaux qui se décline sous la forme : (1) d’une enquête qualitative sur l’élaboration du dispositif Pôle Territorial de Coopération Economique (PTCE) par les acteurs nationaux, (2) de deux études de cas auprès de deux de ces pôles en région Paca. Plus précisément, nous mobilisons la grille d’analyse du travail institutionnel pour cerner les pratiques mises en oeuvre par les deux PTCE pour s’approprier le dispositif dans un contexte de pluralisme institutionnel. Deux niveaux de résultats sont proposés. Le premier revient à éclairer le phénomène de banalisation du dispositif PTCE à l’échelle nationale, qui est d’abord caractérisé par une logique civique de développement territorial alternatif qui se voit ensuite remplacée par une logique gestionnaire de normalisation de l’ESS. Le second niveau de résultats consiste à caractériser les modalités d’appropriation de ce dispositif à l’échelle méso des deux cas analysés. Il en ressort que le PTCE qui parvient à survivre et à se développer est celui qui hybride les logiques civique et gestionnaire. Le second PTCE, très façonné par la logique civique, ne parvient pas à pérenniser son activité et suscite un rejet du dispositif, dont il ne partage aucunement l’intention stratégique. Conjuguer une posture critique à une analyse néo-institutionnaliste nous permet de dégager plusieurs apports théoriques. (1) Nous dessinons les contours conceptuels d’un nouveau type de dispositif que nous qualifions de normalisateur. (2) L’analyse du travail institutionnel dans un contexte de pluralisme institutionnel met en évidence un nouveau type de pratiques : celles qui ont trait à la résistance institutionnelle. Our research focuses on the adoption of a dispositive (Foucault, 1977) destinated to territorial polarization projects in the field of social and solidarity economy. We build on a multi-scalar approach which consists in : (1) a qualitative survey of the construction of the Pôle Territorial de Coopération Economique (“Territorial Cluster for Economic Cooperation”) policy by national actors, (2) two case studies of two of these clusters, selected in region Paca. More specifically, we build on the institutional work theory to characterize the practices deployed by the two TCECs in order to appropriate the dispositive in a context of institutional pluralism. Two levels of results are proposed. The first one sheds light on the banalisation process of the TCEC dispositive at the national level, which is first dominated by a civic logic of alternative territorial development that is then effaced by a a managerial logic of normalization of SSE. The second level of results consists in characterizing the modalities of appropriation of this dispositive at the meso scale of the two clusters analysed. It appears that the TCEC which manages to survive and develop is the one that hybridizes the civic and managerial logics. The other one, particularly shaped by the civic logic, doesn’t manage to perpetuate its activities and implies a reject of the dispositive, since it doesn’t share its strategic intention. Combining a critical approach and a neo-institutionalist analysis leads to several theoretical contributions. (1) We draw the outlines of a new type of dispositive that we conceptualize as a normalizing dispostive. (2) The analysis of institutional work in a context of institutional pluralism highlights a new type of practices : the ones which deal with institutional resistance.

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    HAL AMU
    Doctoral thesis . 2018
    Data sources: HAL AMU
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    Rangel, Jhonnatan;

    L’ayapaneco, zoque ayapaneco ou numte ʔoote (ethnonyme) est une langue en danger appartenant à la famille mixe-zoque et parlée exclusivement dans l’état de Tabasco, au Mexique, par environ 11 personnes âgées entre 69 et 95 ans. L’ayapaneco est l’une des langues de cette famille la moins étudiée et la moins documentée. Depuis les années 1950, elle ne se transmet plus aux nouvelles générations et son utilisation est actuellement très limitée dans le quotidien des locuteurs. Cette thèse documente, décrit et analyse tant la situation sociolinguistique de l’ayapaneco que sa réalité linguistique, en particulier l’existence de variations linguistiques. Bien que la variation soit un phénomène inhérent à toutes les langues du monde, les langues en danger présentent des défis théoriques et méthodologiques pour l’analyse des variations. Après avoir expliqué les variations linguistiques et les mécanismes qui les caractérisent en ayapaneco, cette thèse propose d’apporter des éléments nouveaux qui n’étaient pas pris en considération auparavant pour l’étude de la variation linguistique d’une langue vivant une situation de danger critique comme l’ayapaneco. Ceci contribue à questionner les analyses traditionnelles et à impulser, à partir d’une analyse multifactorielle, des explications originales pour faire avancer nos connaissances sur la nature des variations et du changement linguistique dans les langues en danger. Ayapaneco, Zoque Ayapaneco or numte ʔoote (ethnonyme) is a critically endangered language spoken by approximately 11 people between the ages of 69- and 95-years-old in the state of Tabasco, Mexico. Ayapaneco is the least studied and least documented language in the Mixe-Zoque family. The intergenerational transmission of the language was interrupted in the 1950s. Today, it has a very limited role in the daily language practices of its remaining speakers.This thesis documents, describes and analyzes the sociolinguistic situation of Ayapaneco as well as its linguistic characteristics, focusing on language variation. Although variation is a phenomenon inherent to all world languages, studying variation within the context of critically endangered languages presents specific theoretical and methodological challenges.After presenting the characteristics of language variation in Ayapaneco, this thesis offers new perspectives on the study of these variations in critically endangered languages. A multifactorial analysis is used to question traditional approaches and propose new insights, contributing to the fields of language variation and language change in the context of critically endangered languages.

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    Hyper Article en Ligne; HAL-IRD
    Other literature type . Doctoral thesis . 2019
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    Carole Pelissier; Joséphine Lemaitre; Paul Vercherin; Frédéric Dutheil; +5 Authors

    Introduction Les plaintes rachidiennes constituent une pathologie multifactorielle complexe et un veritable enjeu socio-economique. L’objectif est de determiner la prevalence des plaintes rachidiennes aupres des etudiants hospitaliers en medecine et les facteurs professionnels associes. Materiel et methodes Une etude observationnelle transversale a ete menee aupres d’etudiants en 4e et 5e annee de medecine de la region Auvergne-Rhone-Alpes (dans les facultes de Clermont-Ferrand, Grenoble, Lyon-Sud et Saint-Etienne). Les etudiants hospitaliers en medecine participent a l’activite hospitaliere dans le cadre de deroulement de stages hospitaliers et suivent un enseignement a la faculte de medecine. Un auto-questionnaire s’appuyant sur le questionnaire de type Nordique a ete elabore et transmis par email aux etudiants a la fin de leur stage hospitalier. Les tests statistiques du Chi2, de Student et Kruskal–Wallis ont ete utilises en analyse univariee et une regression logistique en analyse multivariee. L’etude a recu un avis favorable d’un comite ethique et a ete approuvee par la CNIL. Resultats Huit cents questionnaires ont ete recueillis sur 1456 etudiants interroges. La Prevalence des plaintes rachidiennes dans les 7 derniers jours etait de 49,4 %pour les lombalgies, 47,7 % pour les cervicalgies et 33,5 % pour les dorsalgies. La Prevalence des plaintes rachidiennes dans les 12 derniers mois etait de 70,1 % pour les lombalgies, de 59 % pour les cervicalgies et de 46,6 % pour les dorsalgies. La charge horaire quotidienne de travail etait de 9,5 heures en moyenne (ecart type = 1,8). 29 % des etudiants declaraient realiser des activites de manutention de personnes. Les etudiants clermontois, a la difference des etudiants des autres facultes, alternaient les periodes de cours et les stages hospitaliers a temps plein. Ils presentaient une prevalence de plaintes rachidiennes aigues (66,2 %) et chroniques (80,3 %) significativement plus faibles que les autres etudiants (75,8 %; 89,1 %). Le genre feminin (OR = 2,18 IC95 % 1,53–3,12), les antecedents rachidiens (OR = 12,45 IC95 % 3,00–51,72), la charge horaire de travail (OR = 1,09 IC95 % 0,99–1,21), le stress (OR 1,56 IC95 % 1,05–2,32) etaient associes a la presence de plaintes rachidiennes aigues apres analyse multivariee. Conclusion Cette etude met en evidence une prevalence des plaintes rachidiennes aigues et chroniques sur un echantillon d’etudiants en medecine francais qui est superieure aux donnees anterieures de la litterature. La relation entre les plaintes rachidiennes et les facteurs psycho-organisationnels lies au travail hospitalier et universitaire pourrait etre approfondie lors d’une etude longitudinale.

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    Aurore Vigan; Melynda Hassouna; Coline Brame; Nadège Edouard; +10 Authors

    Le secteur de l’élevage est aujourd’hui confronté à une demande croissante de produits animaux à laquelle il doit répondre en limitant au maximum ses impacts environnementaux et en assurant sa durabilité. Parmi ces impacts, la pollution de l’air est une préoccupation majeure. Pour faire face au changement climatique et contribuer à l’amélioration de la qualité de l’air, les émissions de polluants atmosphériques et de gaz à effet de serre doivent être mieux caractérisées et maîtrisées afin de les prendre en compte dans l’évolution des pratiques d’élevage (alimentation, gestion des effluents, etc.). Des acteurs de la recherche et du développement se sont donc associés afin de développer une base de données appelée ELFE (ELevages et Facteurs d’Emission), compilant les valeurs publiées dans la littérature internationale des émissions d’ammoniac, de gaz à effet de serre, de particules et d’odeurs, sur toute la chaîne de gestion des effluents des élevages bovins, porcins et avicoles ainsi que leurs métadonnées associées. Parmi les 1 000 références bibliographiques collectées, environ 350 ont été intégrées à ce jour à la base de données, fournissant ainsi, un peu plus de 5 200 valeurs d’émission. La base de données ELFE permet de déterminer des moyennes d’émission associées à leurs écarts-types prenant en compte la diversité des systèmes d’élevage. Ces données pourront ainsi alimenter les inventaires nationaux d’émissions en proposant des facteurs d’émissions ajustés à des systèmes d’élevage définis et également, permettre d’évaluer la mise en place de pratiques de réduction des émissions. Cette base de données représente aussi une source d’information pour la réalisation d’évaluations multicritères permettant notamment, de préciser l’influence des métadonnées sur les niveaux d’émissions (climat, type de bâtiment, etc.). De plus, cette base propose une classification de chaque valeur d’émission en fonction du nombre de métadonnées renseignées dans les références bibliographiques (>50 % ; 30-50 % ; <30 % des métadonnées renseignées) afin d’évaluer son niveau de description. The increasing demand for animal products is a major challenge for the livestock sector that must reduce its environmental impacts and ensure its sustainability. This sector has been identified as an important contributor to polluting gas emissions. Improving the knowledge on the origin and the magnitude of air pollutants and greenhouse gases emissions from livestock sector is essential to address climate change and to contribute to improve air quality with the evolution of breeding practices (feeding strategy, manure management, etc.). A consortium involving research and extension services partners was created to build a database called ELFE (ELevages et Facteurs d’Emission) with international data from literature references focusing on emissions of ammonia, greenhouse gases, particles and odors on the different steps of manure management of cattle, pig and poultry productions systems and their associated key variables. Around 350 publications (among 1 000 publications collected) are integrated into the database and provide more than 5 200 emission values. The ELFE database allows calculating average of emission and their standard deviation taking into account the diversity of livestock systems. These data can be used to provide emission factor for national inventories for specific livestock systems and also, to evaluate practices on gas emissions mitigation. This database can also be used to analyze the influence of key variables on the emission factor variability using multicriteria assessment (climate, building type, etc.). Moreover, this database propose a classification of emission factor into three classes according to the degree on which information about their most influential key variables was complete (>50 % ; 30-50 % ; <30 % of indicated key variables) to evaluate its description.

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    Hyper Article en Ligne
    Other literature type . 2018
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    Touzeau, Amandine;

    Chez les eucaryotes, l’organisation de la chromatine est indispensable à la régulation de l’expression des gènes et la stabilité du génome. Les ciliés constituent un excellent modèle d’étude des mécanismes qui permettent de maintenir l’intégrité du génome eucaryote. Notre modèle d’étude, l’eucaryote unicellulaire Paramecium tetraurelia, se distingue par l’élimination massive et reproductible de près de 30% de séquences d’ADN germinal lors du développement du macronoyau somatique après les événements sexuels. Ces séquences sont éliminées grâce à un processus en plusieurs étapes impliquant la formation d’hétérochromatine dirigée par de petits ARN suivi d’excision par la transposase domestiquée Piggy Mac (Pgm) et de réparation. Les mécanismes moléculaires permettant de comprendre la reconnaissance spécifique de ces séquences germinales dans le contexte de la chromatine ainsi que la précision de la coupure demeurent mal compris.Le chaperon d’histone Spt16, associée au partenaire Pob3, fait partie du complexe hétéro-dimérique FACT (FAcilitates Chromatin Transactions). FACT intervient dans de nombreux mécanismes liés au métabolisme de l’ADN tels que la transcription, la réparation, la réplication ou l’accessibilité de la chromatine. Chez Paramecium tetraurelia, on a identifié deux protéines homologues de Spt16 et Pob3 exprimées uniquement durant le développement du macronoyau au moment où se produisent les réarrangements. Les protéines Spt16-1 et Pob3-1 fusionnées à la GFP se localisent dans les macronoyaux en développement. Nous avons montré que la protéine Spt16-1 est essentielle à la production d’une descendance sexuelle viable. Le reséquençage du génome après inactivation de SPT16-1 a montré que Spt16-1 est nécessaire à l‘ensemble des réarrangements du génome et conduit à des défauts semblables à ceux obtenus suite à l’inactivation de PGM. Spt16-1 agit en aval des voies de dépôt des marques d’hétérochromatine guidées par les petits ARNs mais en amont de l’endonucléase Pgm. Nous avons montré que Spt16-1 était nécessaire à la localisation correcte de Pgm responsable de l’introduction des cassures double brin dans les macronoyaux en développement. Nous proposons un modèle dans lequel Spt16-1 favorise l’interaction de la machinerie d’excision avec la chromatine pour rendre accessible les sites de coupure sur l’ADN à Pgm.La méthylation des adénines sur l’ADN (6mA), bien connue chez les bactéries pour son rôle dans le système de restriction modification, a été décrite ces deux dernières années chez plusieurs eucaryotes en faible proportion dans le génome. Cependant son rôle chez les eucaryotes est encore peu compris. D’anciennes analyses par chromatographie à l’aide de nucléotides marqués détectaient de l’ordre de 2,5% des adénines méthylées chez P. tetraurelia mais sa localisation précise n’avait jamais été montrée. Il avait été proposé que cette modification pourrait signaler avec précision les sites de coupures pendant les réarrangements d’ADN où une partie des séquences germinales présentent des bornes AT. L’abondance des adénines méthylées fait de la paramécie un excellent modèle d’étude de cette modification. En combinant des techniques d’Immunofluorescence, d’HPLC-MS et de séquençage, nous avons ainsi décrit la présence et la localisation dans la cellule et au cours du cycle de vie de 6mA chez P. tetraurelia. Ces approches ont également permis de montrer l’absence de cytosine méthylée chez la paramécie. Nous avons montré que la méthylation des adénines était retrouvée majoritairement dans le génome somatique et de manière transitoire dans le génome germinal. Elle est établie au cours du développement du macronoyau somatique quand se produisent les réarrangements du génome. Ces résultats préliminaires permettront de poursuivre l’étude de la méthylation afin d’identifier les enzymes responsables et son rôle dans la cellule. In eukaryotes, chromatin organization is required for the regulation of gene expression and genome stability. Ciliate provide excellent model to study mechanisms involved in maintain of genome integrity. Our study model, the unicellular eukaryote Paramecium tetraurelia, has the particularity to eliminate massively and reproducibly 30% of germinal DNA sequences during the development of the somatic macronucleus after sexual events. Those sequences are eliminated by a multi-step process involving small RNA-directed heterochromatin formation followed by DNA excision by the domesticated transposase Piggy Mac (Pgm) and DNA repair. Molecular mechanisms underlying the specific recognition of those germinal sequences in chromatin context and the precision of the excision, remain elusive. The histone chaperone Spt16, associated to its partner Pob3, is part of the heterodimeric complex FACT (FAcilitates Chromatin Transactions). FACT is implicated in many mechanisms involving DNA metabolism such as transcription, repair, replication or chromatin accessibility. In P. tetraurelia, we identified two homologous proteins to Spt16 and Pob3 expressed only during macronucleus development at the time when genome rearrangements occur. Spt16-1 and Pob3-1 fused to GFP are localized in developing macronuclei. We showed that Spt16-1 is required to obtain a viable sexual progeny. Genome re-sequencing after SPT16-1 inactivation showed that Spt16-1 was required for all DNA elimination events and leads to similar phenotypes and defects to those obtained after PGM inactivation. Spt16-1 acts downstream of small RNA-directed heterochromatin formation and upstream of Pgm. We showed that Spt16-1 was required for the correct localization of Pgm responsible for DNA double strand breaks in developing macronuclei. We proposed a model in which Spt16-1 mediates interaction between chromatin and excision machinery that facilitates access to DNA cleavage sites for the Pgm endonuclease. Adenine DNA methylation, well known in bacteria for its role in restriction modification system, has been described during the last two years in several eukaryotes but in low proportion in the genome. However, its role in eukaryotes remains elusive. Previous analyses by chromatography with radio labelled nucleotides detected around 2,5% of methylated adenine in P. tetraurelia but its precise localization and role have never been analyzed. It has been proposed that this modification could mark with precision the excision sites during genome rearrangements when part of the eliminated sequences carry AT boundaries. The abundance of methylated adenine makes of Paramecium an excellent model to study this modification. Combining immunofluorescence techniques, HPLC-MS and sequencing, we described the presence and the cellular localization during life cycle of 6mA in P. tetraurelia. Those approaches allowed us to show that methylated cytosine are absent in Paramecium. We showed that methylation is mainly found in the somatic genome and transiently in germinal genome. It appears during somatic macronucleus development when genome rearrangements occur. Those preliminary results will allow us to pursue the study of adenine methylation by identifying responsible enzymes and its role in the cell.

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    Hyper Article en Ligne
    Other literature type . 2018
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    Ghliss, Yosra;

    À partir d’une conception dynamique et plurielle des émotions, cette thèse propose une réflexion sur l'inscription discursive des affects dans les interactions numériques de type WhatsApp. Elle s'inscrit dans le domaine de l’analyse du discours en interaction (Kerbrat-Orecchioni, 2005) en faisant dialoguer le cadre du discours numérique (Paveau, 2017) avec les propositions théoriques des sciences de l'information et la communication (Allard, 2017). Si les linguistes ont longtemps souligné l’infinité des marques langagières des émotions (Kerbrat-Orecchioni, 2000) voire même leurs hétérogénéités (Plantin, 2011 ; Micheli, 2014), ce postulat est encore plus attesté dans les écosystèmes numériques où l’expression des affects se trouve distribuée dans toute l’interface numérique intégrant indifféremment les mots et les gestes (Jeanneret et Souchier, 1999). Suite à une réflexion méthodologique autour de la constitution du corpus numérique WhatsApp, ce travail porte sur les ressources sémiotiques et discursives dans l’expression des émotions. Ces dernières se voient matérialisées dans de nouvelles formes verbales comme les émotimots lol et mdr, entendus comme un sociolecte de l'affect. Mais dans le cadre des messageries numériques, l’expression des émotions dépassent le verbal pour s’incarner dans des formes l’iconique marquées les photodiscours, où la capture photographique se tisse avec le verbal pour co-construire le sens. À partir d’analyses qualitatives des observables prélevés, cette thèse montre comment les locuteurs et locutrices renouvellent sans cesses les formes d’expression des émotions et comment ils et elles composent avec les affordances numériques du système, pour explorer des versions inédites dans la gestion interactionnelle des affects. Starting from a dynamic and plural conception of emotions, this thesis reflects on the discursive inscription of affects in digital interactions like WhatsApp. It is part of the field of analysis of discourses in interaction (Kerbrat-Orecchioni, 2005) by making the framework of digital discourse (Paveau, 2017) echo with the theoretical propositions of information and communication sciences (Allard, 2017). If linguists have long stressed the infinity of the linguistic marks of emotions (Kerbrat-Orecchioni 2000) or even their heterogeneity (Plantin, 2011 ; Micheli, 2014), this postulate is even more relevant in digital ecosystems where the expression of affects is distributed throughout the digital interface integrating words and gestures indifferently (Jeanneret and Souchier, 1999). Following a methodological reflection on the constitution of the WhatsApp digital corpus, this work focuses on the semiotic and discursive resources in the expression of emotions. The latter are materialised in new verbal forms such as the emotiwords lol and mdr, understood as a sociolect of the affect. Nevertheless, in the context of digital messaging, the expression of emotions goes beyond the verbal to be embodied in iconicforms marked by photodiscourses, where the photographic capture is woven with theverbal to co-elaborate meaning. Based on qualitative analyses of the collectedobservables, this thesis shows how the speakers constantly renew the forms ofemotional expressions and how they deal with the digital affordances of the system, toexplore new versions in the interactional management of affects.

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    Marion Erny; Marika Lundqvist; Jon H. Rasmussen; Olivier Ludemann-Hombourger; +2 Authors

    Aiming at advancing protocols for safer, environmentally sensible peptide synthesis we report our findings with regard to the occurrence of hydrogen cyanide (HCN, prussic acid) in amide bond-forming reactions mediated by diisopropylcarbodiimide (DIC) and ethyl (hydroxyimino)cyanoacetate (Oxyma). We determined that HCN is always formed in amide bond-forming reactions on solid support in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) when DIC/Oxyma is employed. In an attempt to minimize the formation of prussic acid by means of preventing the linear DIC/Oxyma adduct 2 from cyclizing to oxadiazole 3 and in turnreleasing HCN, we evaluated a series of greener solvents such as N-butylpyrrolidinone (NBP), NBP/ethyl acetate (EtOAc, 1:1), methyl 5-(dimethylamino)-2-methyl-5-oxopentanoate (PolarClean, PC), and PC/EtOAc (1:1). We found that the ratio between 2 and 3 greatly depends on the solvent used, and consequently, we further examined DMF, NBP, NBP/EtOAc (1:1), and NBP/EtOAc (1:4) as solvents for DIC/Oxyma-mediated amidations on solid support and in solution. We found that using carboxylic acid/Oxyma/DIC in a 1:1:1 ratio the rate of HCN formation decreases in the following order DMF > NBP > NBP/EtOAc (1:1) > NBP/EtOAc (1:4), while the reaction rate increases in the order of DMF ≈ NBP < NBP/EtOAc (1:1) < NBP/EtOAc (1:4). Of thesolvents examined, the NBP/EtOAc (1:4) mixture gave the lowest rate of HCN formation and the highest rate of amide bond formation both in solution and on solid support. As altering the solvent for DIC/Oxyma-mediated amidations resulted in suppressing HCN rather than its full elimination we evaluated the concept of in situ scavenging of the HCN formed. We performed DIC/Oxyma-mediated amidation of Fmoc-Gly-OH + (S)-(−)-1-phenylethylamine in deuterated DMF with 0, 5, and 10 equiv of dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS) as HCN scavenger. The formation of HCN and rate of amidation was monitored by 1H NMR, revealing that DMTS scavenges HCN without inhibiting the rate of amidation. DIC/Oxyma-mediated amidations of Fmoc-Ser(t-Bu)−OHwith (S)-(−)-1-phenylethylamine in DMF and NBP/EtOAc (1:4) with and without 10 equiv of DMTS were performed and found to be comparable.

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    Organic Process Research & Development
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    Lama Khalil; Debora Pierucci; Evangelos Papalazarou; Julien Chaste; +6 Authors

    International audience; Hybrid heterostructures, made of organic molecules adsorbed on two-dimensional metal monochalcogenide, generally unveil interfacial effects that improve the electronic properties of the single constitutive layers. Here, we investigate the interfacial electronic characteristics of the F4-TCNQ/single-layer GaSe heterostructure. A sharp F4-TCNQ/GaSe interface has been obtained and characterized by x-ray photoemission spectroscopy. We demonstrate that a high electron transfer from 1TL GaSe into the adsorbed F4-TCNQ molecules takes place, thereby yielding a reduction in the excess negative charge density of GaSe. Additionally, the direct band-structure determination of the heterostructure has been carried out using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy, shedding light on essential features such as doping and band offset at the interface. Our results indicate that the buried 1TL GaSe below the F4-TCNQ layer exhibits a robust inversion of the valence dispersion at the Γ point, forming a Mexican-hat-shaped dispersion with 120 ± 10 meV of depth. Our experiments also reveal that F4-TCNQ can significantly tune the electronic properties of 1TL GaSe by shifting the band offset of about 0.16 eV toward lower binding energies with respect to the Fermi level, which is a key feature for envisioning its applications in nanoelectronics.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Hyper Article en Lig...arrow_drop_down
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    Article . 2019
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