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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Budrytė-Kvietkauskienė, Rimantė;

    2007 m. spalio 31 d. akademinis pasaulis neteko profesoriaus, habilituoto daktaro Algimanto Prazausko (1941–2007). A. Prazauskas 1998–2001 metais buvo VDU Tarptautinės teisės ir politikos mokslų instituto, vėliau pervadinto į Politikos mokslų ir diplomatijos institutą, direktorius, o nuo 2001 metų vadovavo Azijos studijų centrui, tačiau pagrindinė jo veikla siejama su Politologijos katedra.

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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Dagilis, Gintas;
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Lietuvos Akademinė E...arrow_drop_down
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    Authors: Šaltinytė, Loreta;

    Ius cogens normos ir erga omnes įsipareigojimai yra dvi esminės sąvokos, skiriančios šiuolaikinę tarptautinę teisę nuo klasikinės. Vis dėlto kuo šios sąvokos skiriasi ir kokie yra jų pažeidimo teisiniai padariniai – iki šiol neišspręsta problema. Straipsnyje nagrinėjamas valstybių įsipareigojimo vykdyti baudžiamąjį persekiojimą dėl kankinimų teisinis statusas tarptautinėje teisėje. Mokslo darbuose ir teismų sprendimuose kankinimų draudimas visuotinai pripažįstamas kaip ius cogens normos pavyzdys. Tačiau nesutariama dėl to, ar valstybės turi tarptautinę teisinę pareigą vykdyti baudžiamąjį persekiojimą dėl asmenų, padariusių sunkius žmogaus teisių pažeidimus. Straipsnyje ginčijama, kad šis valstybių įsipareigojimas yra tarptautinės paprotinės teisės dalis. Šis įsipareigojimas išplaukia iš paties sunkių žmogaus teisių pažeidimo erga omnes pobūdžio. Ši išvada daroma apžvelgus arbitražų sprendimus dėl šio įsipareigojimo klasikinėje teisėje, išanalizavus šio įsipareigojimo reglamentavimą pagrindinėse tarptautinėse sutartyse, žmogaus teisių apsaugos institucijų praktiką, reikalaujant bausti žmogaus teises pažeidusius asmenis, bei galiausiai Tarptautinio Teisingumo Teismo sprendimus Barcelona Traction (1970 m.) ir Genocido (1996 m.) bylose. In this article, the author aims to suggest legal guidelines enabling a well argued answer that the obligation to prosecute for grave violations of human rights is a part of customary international law of an erga omnes nature. In the first part of the article the decisions of international arbitral tribunals are analysed. In the second part the Genocide convention, Geneva conventions for the protection of the victims of war, Convention against torture all of which provide for an obligation of States to prosecute are analysed. The third part considers the decisions of the UN Human rights Committee, European Court of Human Rights and the American Court of Human Rights concerning the obligation to prosecute. In their practice all of 127 these institutions acknowledge that States are subject to this obligation. This finds an especially clear expression with respect to the prohibition of torture. The article seeks to demonstrate that the most proper legal basis for this obligation would be the obligation to respect and ensure respect to the rights included in the respectful international agreements. It is alleged that separation of an obligation to respect rights from an obligation to ensure rights is artificial and that it should be read uniformly, without making a distinction between ‚respect“ and ‚ensure respect“. In the final part of the article the question whether an obligation to prosecute is of an erga omnes character is considered. The major ICJ case referred to is the... [to full text]

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    Authors: Jakaitė, Dalia;

    Akmuo yra vienas iš daiktų Rainerio Marios Rilke’s žmogaus pasaulyje, kuris pasižymi išskirtiniu simboliniu daiktiškumu, šio fenomeno meditacija, persmelkta kūrybinių „aš“ galių. Kaip egzistencinė būties dalis ir šventuma, daiktai pripažįstami ir šlovinami giesmės intonacijomis. Daiktų ir žmogaus santykis iškyla kaip laikiškai štai-būčiai ir metafizinei paslapčiai atsiverianti tikrovė. IX Rilke’s Duino elegijoje žmogaus būtis suvokiama kaip prasmė pavadinti daiktus: „Esam čia gal tik tam, kad ištartu­me: namas, / tiltas, šulinys, vartai, ąsotis, vaismedis, langas, – / kilniau: kolona, bokštas...“ (R i lk e 1996, 299). Per šiuos ir kitus daiktus jutimiškai patiriamas pasaulis yra galimybė autentiškam santykiui su būtimi, sakralumo ištikčiai. Kita vertus, ir patys daiktai yra savaiminė vertybė, prie kurios priartėti žmogui leidžia ypatinga kalbos patirtis. Apie daiktiškojo Rilke’s pasaulio simboliškumą kalbėjo ne vienas poeto kritikas. Iš daugiaprasmės poeto simbolikos šioje publikacijoje linkstama į teopoetinį krikščioniškojo pasaulio reikšmių lauką . Tai lemia aptariami tekstai – eilėraščiai iš Valandų knygos (Das Stundenbuch). Šioje pranciškoniškosios, subjektyviai krikščioniškosios (žmogiškąjį ir daiktiškąjį subjektyvumą suabsoliutinančios) dvasios knygoje akmens ir akmeniškumo yra gausu. Žmogaus būčiai suvokti akmuo pasirenkamas ir kuriamas kaip gamtos ir Biblijos daiktas. Šios publikacijos tikslas – ne tiek išsamus tyrimas, kiek „akmeninių“ Valandų knygos eilėraščių... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] Stone is one of the things in the world of Rilke’s man. The aim of the present publication is to comment on several poems from “The Book of Hours” presenting new translations into the Lithuanian language. For the comments we have chosen the poetical semantic field of the Christian world from polysemous poet’s symbolism. It is conditioned by the collection itself. In the poems “Jetzt reifen schon die roten Berberitze” and “Da trat ich als ein Pilger ein” stone becomes the metaphor of God. In the poem “Wenn etwas mir vom Fenster fällt” stone allows the verification of the world order and the assurance in its existence and meaning. The poems “Sie sind es nicht“ and “Du bist der Arme, du der Mittellose” are related by the symbolism of stone expressing divine poverty. In the poem “Du bist das Kloster zu den Wundenmalen” stone speaks about the polysemy of a cloister. The stone world of a cloister as God’s house symbolizes the nature of the relation between human and God. In this and other texts, stone and language appear as the ways to get closer to the essence, the possibility to listen to and hear. In the poem “Und seine Sorgfalt ist uns wie ein Alb” stone and silence point to the divine incognizability. In the poem “Mach mich zum Wächter deiner Weiten” stone is not only a part of the building but a spot of silence that allows hearing. Quite a few poems of “The Book of Hours” have the spirit of pilgrimage.

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    Authors: Kulbeckienė, Gintarė; Alejūnaitė, Ada;

    Šio tyrimo tikslas – išsiaiškinti, kaip darbuotojai vertina gandus organizacijoje. Taikyta tyrimo duomenų rezultatų analizė, apdorojimo ir interpretavimo metodai, kiekybinio tipo apklausa bei mokslinės literatūros analizė ir sisteminimas. Sąvokos gandas apibrėžimuose akcentuojami skirtingi dalykai. Tai lemia mokslo sričių atstovų pozicija. Sociologijos požiūriu, pabrėžtini šie visuomenei svarbūs gandų funkcionavimo elementai: gando subjektai, socialinė aplinka, kurioje tie gandai plinta, gandų tipai ir įvairių socialinių grupių imlumas jiems, pagaliau – socialinės kontrolės galimybės. Svarbu nustatyti ir gandų kilimo bei funkcionavimo sistemą, jų socialinę organizaciją ir sklaidą, tačiau tai padaryti trukdo sunkumai, kuriuos lemia pati gando prigimtis. The aim of the research is to find out how the employees view rumours in organization. This research employs survey data results analysis, processing and interpretation methods, quantitative survey, and analysis and systematization of scientific literature. Definitions of rumours emphasize different aspects – this results from differences in viewpoints of scholars. Sociologically, the following components of functioning of rumours, which are important to society, are notable: subjects of rumours, social environment in which rumours spread, types of rumours, susceptibility of various social groups to rumours, and social control possibilities. It is also important to identify the system of origination and functioning of rumours, their social arrangement and spread, but this is hindered by difficulties caused by the very nature of rumours.

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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Lietuvos Akademinė E...arrow_drop_down
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    Authors: Rūkas, Alvydas; Skačkovas, Vitalijus; Rimovskis, Sergėjus; Ramonas, Zenonas;

    Taikant kombinuotą energijos gamybos būdą, dar vadinamą kogeneracija (termofikacija), gaminama šiluma ir elektros energija. Šiame darbe aprašyta AB „Šiaulių energija“ kombinuoto energijos gamybos įrenginio (turbogeneratoriaus TG Nr. 2) bandymų metodika, pateikti atliktų bandymų rezultatai. Gauti rezultatai yra labai svarbūs nustatant įrenginio saugumą ir patikimumą eksploatacijos metu. Combined heat and power (CHP) technology (so-called cogeneration) is an energy conversion process. Electricity and useful heat are produced simultaneously in this process. The CHP steam turbines testing methods are presented in the report. The results of the tests are very important in estimation of turbine’s working safety and reliability.

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    Authors: Daugirdaitė, Solveiga;

    Naujasis „Lyčių studijų ir tyrimų“ numeris temiškai susideda iš dviejų dalių. Pirmieji penki straipsniai skaitytojų mintį kreipia į XX a. pradžią, į kovos už moterų lygiateisiškumo pripažinimą laikus, ypač į Sofijos Čiurlionienės-Kymantaitės bei Mikalojaus Konstantino Čiurlionio kūrybinį bendradarbiavimą. Kiti keturi straipsniai žvelgia į vėlesnius laikus, apima aktualiausias šiandienos problemas ir išplečia tyrimų geografiją. Nors vienas nuo kito nutolę toliau negu siekia vienos kartos atmintis, šie laikotarpiai yra susiję: be XX a. pradžios sufražisčių, „emancipančių“ įdirbio veikiausiai nebūtų tiek pasiekęs vėlesnis moterų sąjūdis, sukūręs moterų (vėliau peraugęs į lyčių) studijas, kaip akademinių studijų sritį. Dažnai teigiama, kad pragmatiškėjanti nūdienos lietuvių visuomenė linkusi vis mažiau domėtis istorija (visuomenės ar atskirų jos segmentų), tačiau be jos neįmanoma suvokti nūdienos procesų. The new issue of “Gender Studies and Research” comprises two parts. The first five articles focus on the beginning of the 20th century, the time of struggle for women’s equality and creative collaboration of the eminent Lithuanian family of artists and intellectuals Sofija Čiurlionienė-Kymantaitė and Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis. The remaining four articles glance at later times, touch upon the most pressing contemporary issues and expand the geography of gender research. Despite them being as far apart as the memory span of an entire generation, these periods are interlinked. The subsequent women’s movement that went on to create women (later entitled gender) studies as a field of academic research, would probably have never achieved this much if not for the activity of the 20th century suffragettes or “emancipationists”. It is frequently noted that the more and more pragmatic contemporary Lithuanian society tends to lose interest in history (of the society as a whole or its independent segments). However, in the absence of history, it is impossible to comprehend contemporary processes.

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    Authors: Stasiulis, Arvydas; Zaičenkovienė, Kristina; Aleksandravičienė, Roma;

    Sportinė aerobika yra viena iš naujausių gimnastikos sporto šakų, kurią kultivuodami sportininkai pagal muziką turi atlikti didelio intensyvumo pagrindinius aerobikos judesius ir jungti juos su jėgos, šuolių, lankstumo, pusiausvyros pratimais. Kaip ir kitos gimnastikos rūšys, sportinė aerobika reikalauja aerobinės ir anaerobinės ištvermės, šoklumo, lankstumo, jėgos ir puikios koordinacijos. Visos šios fizinės ypatybės turi būti rodomos varžybinio pratimo metu (vidutinė trukmė — 2 min), atliekant koordinaciškai sudėtingus judesius bei įvairaus sudėtingumo elementus dideliu intensyvumu be poilsio intervalų (Sports Aerobics Code of Points, 2002). Fiziologinius pokyčius specifinio fizinio krūvio (varžybinės veiklos) metu tyrė ispanų mokslininkai (Rodriguez et al., 1998). R. Aleksandravičienė (2005) ištyrė skirtingo meistriškumo aerobininkių aerobinį pajėgumą ir energijos sąnaudas varžybinės veiklos metu. Tyrimo tikslas — nustatyti skirtingo meistriškumo aerobininkių anaerobinį pajėgumą minant veloergometrą. Buvo tiriama 18 aerobikos sportininkių. Išanalizavus varžybinių pratimų sudėtingumą ir varžybų rezultatus, jos buvo suskirstytos į didesnio ir mažesnio sportinio meistriškumo grupes. Visos tiriamosios atliko 30 sekundžių maksimalų Vingeito testą „Monark“ veloergometru. Testo ir atsigavimo po jo metu buvo registruojamas širdies susitraukimų dažnis naudojant „Polar“ pulso matuoklį S-810 (Suomija). Kapiliarinio kraujo mėginiai buvo imami atsigavimo metu po Vingeito testo praėjus... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] Aerobic gymnastics is one of the newest branches in gymnastics sport, when athletes must perform continuous complex and high intensity movement patterns to music, which originate from traditional aerobic steps and strength, flexibility and balance exercises. Aerobic gymnastics is characterized as an intensive physical exercise in which a number of muscle groups are actively engaged as well as both aerobic and anaerobic capacity of the body is developed. In competitive activities (lasting 2 min on average) physical properties, such as strength, flexibility, coordination must be demonstrated without rest intervals (Sports Aerobics Code of Points, 2002). Physiological responses during a competitive exercise in aerobic gymnastics were determined by Spanish scientists (Rodriguez et al., 1998), aerobic capacity and energy expenditure of aerobic gymnastics athletes of different level of training during competitive exercise were studied by R. Aleksandravičienė (2005). The aim of this study was to determine the anaerobic performance during cycling ergometry in differently trained sports aerobics women athletes. A group of Lithuanian aerobic competitors (n = 15) with different level of training were engaged as the subjects in this experiment. Their anaerobic performance was assessed by using 30 s Wingate anaerobic test. The heart rate (HR) dynamics during Wingate test and during recovery was evaluated as well. In addition, capillary blood samples were taken at 5th and 20th min of... [to full text]

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    Authors: Lasinskas, Povilas;

    The objective of the research on the formation of the ancient Russian state has been to describe the character of the economic and communal relations of the East Slavs at the time of the state formation. The 20th century historiographers have considered the formation of the ancient Russian state as the result of lengthy consolidation process of the East Slavs that took place in the 2nd half of the 1st millennium of our era. It has been proved that the Normans did not have a significant influence on the formation of the East Slavic state. Most scholars have recognized the existence of early feudal system. The wide ethnical illustration of the East Slavs has been presented, the place of the East Slavs in the system of the European nations has been determined, and their culture and daily life have been researched. The 20th century historiographers have tended to advance the genesis of the statehood of ancient Rus by several ages. The first steps in this direction were done by Grekov and Rybakov and some Lithuanian historians used the same path. Thus, the advancement of the statehood in accordance with the results of the analysis of social-economic development is characteristic to historiography. At the same time it cannot be left unnoticed that the researchers of the ancient Russian history have not reached the unanimous opinion on some principal issues. Though the diversity of opinions helps to cover more aspects of the ancient Slavs life, the contradictory conceptions (about... [to full text]

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    Authors: Maciejauskienė, Vitalija;

    The paper introduces the Lietuvos Vietovardžių Žodynas (Dictionary of Place Names), which is to appear soon. The Dictionary gives all Lithuanian place names recorded in the actual language: hydronyms, names of settlements and other place names. The origin of the place name is explicated, its derivation evaluated. It can also be considered as a standardisation book, since it gives already standardised place names. The basis of the dictionary is a record of place names, which has been collected from actual usage. The record now has about 600 thousand entries. It took several decades (in the 20th century) to collect all Lithuanian place names. From the structural point of view, the dictionary contains word families arranged alphabetically. Place names are given in families, and all items in the family are arranged alphabetically starting with the first place name. Families are compiled in accordance with their origin; i.e. all place names of the same origin enter one and the same family. The position of the place name in the family depends on the word formation type. The dictionary will be published in 10–12 volumes. The compilation of the first volume has been already started.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Budrytė-Kvietkauskienė, Rimantė;

    2007 m. spalio 31 d. akademinis pasaulis neteko profesoriaus, habilituoto daktaro Algimanto Prazausko (1941–2007). A. Prazauskas 1998–2001 metais buvo VDU Tarptautinės teisės ir politikos mokslų instituto, vėliau pervadinto į Politikos mokslų ir diplomatijos institutą, direktorius, o nuo 2001 metų vadovavo Azijos studijų centrui, tačiau pagrindinė jo veikla siejama su Politologijos katedra.

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    Authors: Dagilis, Gintas;
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    Authors: Šaltinytė, Loreta;

    Ius cogens normos ir erga omnes įsipareigojimai yra dvi esminės sąvokos, skiriančios šiuolaikinę tarptautinę teisę nuo klasikinės. Vis dėlto kuo šios sąvokos skiriasi ir kokie yra jų pažeidimo teisiniai padariniai – iki šiol neišspręsta problema. Straipsnyje nagrinėjamas valstybių įsipareigojimo vykdyti baudžiamąjį persekiojimą dėl kankinimų teisinis statusas tarptautinėje teisėje. Mokslo darbuose ir teismų sprendimuose kankinimų draudimas visuotinai pripažįstamas kaip ius cogens normos pavyzdys. Tačiau nesutariama dėl to, ar valstybės turi tarptautinę teisinę pareigą vykdyti baudžiamąjį persekiojimą dėl asmenų, padariusių sunkius žmogaus teisių pažeidimus. Straipsnyje ginčijama, kad šis valstybių įsipareigojimas yra tarptautinės paprotinės teisės dalis. Šis įsipareigojimas išplaukia iš paties sunkių žmogaus teisių pažeidimo erga omnes pobūdžio. Ši išvada daroma apžvelgus arbitražų sprendimus dėl šio įsipareigojimo klasikinėje teisėje, išanalizavus šio įsipareigojimo reglamentavimą pagrindinėse tarptautinėse sutartyse, žmogaus teisių apsaugos institucijų praktiką, reikalaujant bausti žmogaus teises pažeidusius asmenis, bei galiausiai Tarptautinio Teisingumo Teismo sprendimus Barcelona Traction (1970 m.) ir Genocido (1996 m.) bylose. In this article, the author aims to suggest legal guidelines enabling a well argued answer that the obligation to prosecute for grave violations of human rights is a part of customary international law of an erga omnes nature. In the first part of the article the decisions of international arbitral tribunals are analysed. In the second part the Genocide convention, Geneva conventions for the protection of the victims of war, Convention against torture all of which provide for an obligation of States to prosecute are analysed. The third part considers the decisions of the UN Human rights Committee, European Court of Human Rights and the American Court of Human Rights concerning the obligation to prosecute. In their practice all of 127 these institutions acknowledge that States are subject to this obligation. This finds an especially clear expression with respect to the prohibition of torture. The article seeks to demonstrate that the most proper legal basis for this obligation would be the obligation to respect and ensure respect to the rights included in the respectful international agreements. It is alleged that separation of an obligation to respect rights from an obligation to ensure rights is artificial and that it should be read uniformly, without making a distinction between ‚respect“ and ‚ensure respect“. In the final part of the article the question whether an obligation to prosecute is of an erga omnes character is considered. The major ICJ case referred to is the... [to full text]

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    Authors: Jakaitė, Dalia;

    Akmuo yra vienas iš daiktų Rainerio Marios Rilke’s žmogaus pasaulyje, kuris pasižymi išskirtiniu simboliniu daiktiškumu, šio fenomeno meditacija, persmelkta kūrybinių „aš“ galių. Kaip egzistencinė būties dalis ir šventuma, daiktai pripažįstami ir šlovinami giesmės intonacijomis. Daiktų ir žmogaus santykis iškyla kaip laikiškai štai-būčiai ir metafizinei paslapčiai atsiverianti tikrovė. IX Rilke’s Duino elegijoje žmogaus būtis suvokiama kaip prasmė pavadinti daiktus: „Esam čia gal tik tam, kad ištartu­me: namas, / tiltas, šulinys, vartai, ąsotis, vaismedis, langas, – / kilniau: kolona, bokštas...“ (R i lk e 1996, 299). Per šiuos ir kitus daiktus jutimiškai patiriamas pasaulis yra galimybė autentiškam santykiui su būtimi, sakralumo ištikčiai. Kita vertus, ir patys daiktai yra savaiminė vertybė, prie kurios priartėti žmogui leidžia ypatinga kalbos patirtis. Apie daiktiškojo Rilke’s pasaulio simboliškumą kalbėjo ne vienas poeto kritikas. Iš daugiaprasmės poeto simbolikos šioje publikacijoje linkstama į teopoetinį krikščioniškojo pasaulio reikšmių lauką . Tai lemia aptariami tekstai – eilėraščiai iš Valandų knygos (Das Stundenbuch). Šioje pranciškoniškosios, subjektyviai krikščioniškosios (žmogiškąjį ir daiktiškąjį subjektyvumą suabsoliutinančios) dvasios knygoje akmens ir akmeniškumo yra gausu. Žmogaus būčiai suvokti akmuo pasirenkamas ir kuriamas kaip gamtos ir Biblijos daiktas. Šios publikacijos tikslas – ne tiek išsamus tyrimas, kiek „akmeninių“ Valandų knygos eilėraščių... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] Stone is one of the things in the world of Rilke’s man. The aim of the present publication is to comment on several poems from “The Book of Hours” presenting new translations into the Lithuanian language. For the comments we have chosen the poetical semantic field of the Christian world from polysemous poet’s symbolism. It is conditioned by the collection itself. In the poems “Jetzt reifen schon die roten Berberitze” and “Da trat ich als ein Pilger ein” stone becomes the metaphor of God. In the poem “Wenn etwas mir vom Fenster fällt” stone allows the verification of the world order and the assurance in its existence and meaning. The poems “Sie sind es nicht“ and “Du bist der Arme, du der Mittellose” are related by the symbolism of stone expressing divine poverty. In the poem “Du bist das Kloster zu den Wundenmalen” stone speaks about the polysemy of a cloister. The stone world of a cloister as God’s house symbolizes the nature of the relation between human and God. In this and other texts, stone and language appear as the ways to get closer to the essence, the possibility to listen to and hear. In the poem “Und seine Sorgfalt ist uns wie ein Alb” stone and silence point to the divine incognizability. In the poem “Mach mich zum Wächter deiner Weiten” stone is not only a part of the building but a spot of silence that allows hearing. Quite a few poems of “The Book of Hours” have the spirit of pilgrimage.

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    Authors: Kulbeckienė, Gintarė; Alejūnaitė, Ada;

    Šio tyrimo tikslas – išsiaiškinti, kaip darbuotojai vertina gandus organizacijoje. Taikyta tyrimo duomenų rezultatų analizė, apdorojimo ir interpretavimo metodai, kiekybinio tipo apklausa bei mokslinės literatūros analizė ir sisteminimas. Sąvokos gandas apibrėžimuose akcentuojami skirtingi dalykai. Tai lemia mokslo sričių atstovų pozicija. Sociologijos požiūriu, pabrėžtini šie visuomenei svarbūs gandų funkcionavimo elementai: gando subjektai, socialinė aplinka, kurioje tie gandai plinta, gandų tipai ir įvairių socialinių grupių imlumas jiems, pagaliau – socialinės kontrolės galimybės. Svarbu nustatyti ir gandų kilimo bei funkcionavimo sistemą, jų socialinę organizaciją ir sklaidą, tačiau tai padaryti trukdo sunkumai, kuriuos lemia pati gando prigimtis. The aim of the research is to find out how the employees view rumours in organization. This research employs survey data results analysis, processing and interpretation methods, quantitative survey, and analysis and systematization of scientific literature. Definitions of rumours emphasize different aspects – this results from differences in viewpoints of scholars. Sociologically, the following components of functioning of rumours, which are important to society, are notable: subjects of rumours, social environment in which rumours spread, types of rumours, susceptibility of various social groups to rumours, and social control possibilities. It is also important to identify the system of origination and functioning of rumours, their social arrangement and spread, but this is hindered by difficulties caused by the very nature of rumours.

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    Authors: Rūkas, Alvydas; Skačkovas, Vitalijus; Rimovskis, Sergėjus; Ramonas, Zenonas;

    Taikant kombinuotą energijos gamybos būdą, dar vadinamą kogeneracija (termofikacija), gaminama šiluma ir elektros energija. Šiame darbe aprašyta AB „Šiaulių energija“ kombinuoto energijos gamybos įrenginio (turbogeneratoriaus TG Nr. 2) bandymų metodika, pateikti atliktų bandymų rezultatai. Gauti rezultatai yra labai svarbūs nustatant įrenginio saugumą ir patikimumą eksploatacijos metu. Combined heat and power (CHP) technology (so-called cogeneration) is an energy conversion process. Electricity and useful heat are produced simultaneously in this process. The CHP steam turbines testing methods are presented in the report. The results of the tests are very important in estimation of turbine’s working safety and reliability.

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    Authors: Daugirdaitė, Solveiga;

    Naujasis „Lyčių studijų ir tyrimų“ numeris temiškai susideda iš dviejų dalių. Pirmieji penki straipsniai skaitytojų mintį kreipia į XX a. pradžią, į kovos už moterų lygiateisiškumo pripažinimą laikus, ypač į Sofijos Čiurlionienės-Kymantaitės bei Mikalojaus Konstantino Čiurlionio kūrybinį bendradarbiavimą. Kiti keturi straipsniai žvelgia į vėlesnius laikus, apima aktualiausias šiandienos problemas ir išplečia tyrimų geografiją. Nors vienas nuo kito nutolę toliau negu siekia vienos kartos atmintis, šie laikotarpiai yra susiję: be XX a. pradžios sufražisčių, „emancipančių“ įdirbio veikiausiai nebūtų tiek pasiekęs vėlesnis moterų sąjūdis, sukūręs moterų (vėliau peraugęs į lyčių) studijas, kaip akademinių studijų sritį. Dažnai teigiama, kad pragmatiškėjanti nūdienos lietuvių visuomenė linkusi vis mažiau domėtis istorija (visuomenės ar atskirų jos segmentų), tačiau be jos neįmanoma suvokti nūdienos procesų. The new issue of “Gender Studies and Research” comprises two parts. The first five articles focus on the beginning of the 20th century, the time of struggle for women’s equality and creative collaboration of the eminent Lithuanian family of artists and intellectuals Sofija Čiurlionienė-Kymantaitė and Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis. The remaining four articles glance at later times, touch upon the most pressing contemporary issues and expand the geography of gender research. Despite them being as far apart as the memory span of an entire generation, these periods are interlinked. The subsequent women’s movement that went on to create women (later entitled gender) studies as a field of academic research, would probably have never achieved this much if not for the activity of the 20th century suffragettes or “emancipationists”. It is frequently noted that the more and more pragmatic contemporary Lithuanian society tends to lose interest in history (of the society as a whole or its independent segments). However, in the absence of history, it is impossible to comprehend contemporary processes.

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    Authors: Stasiulis, Arvydas; Zaičenkovienė, Kristina; Aleksandravičienė, Roma;

    Sportinė aerobika yra viena iš naujausių gimnastikos sporto šakų, kurią kultivuodami sportininkai pagal muziką turi atlikti didelio intensyvumo pagrindinius aerobikos judesius ir jungti juos su jėgos, šuolių, lankstumo, pusiausvyros pratimais. Kaip ir kitos gimnastikos rūšys, sportinė aerobika reikalauja aerobinės ir anaerobinės ištvermės, šoklumo, lankstumo, jėgos ir puikios koordinacijos. Visos šios fizinės ypatybės turi būti rodomos varžybinio pratimo metu (vidutinė trukmė — 2 min), atliekant koordinaciškai sudėtingus judesius bei įvairaus sudėtingumo elementus dideliu intensyvumu be poilsio intervalų (Sports Aerobics Code of Points, 2002). Fiziologinius pokyčius specifinio fizinio krūvio (varžybinės veiklos) metu tyrė ispanų mokslininkai (Rodriguez et al., 1998). R. Aleksandravičienė (2005) ištyrė skirtingo meistriškumo aerobininkių aerobinį pajėgumą ir energijos sąnaudas varžybinės veiklos metu. Tyrimo tikslas — nustatyti skirtingo meistriškumo aerobininkių anaerobinį pajėgumą minant veloergometrą. Buvo tiriama 18 aerobikos sportininkių. Išanalizavus varžybinių pratimų sudėtingumą ir varžybų rezultatus, jos buvo suskirstytos į didesnio ir mažesnio sportinio meistriškumo grupes. Visos tiriamosios atliko 30 sekundžių maksimalų Vingeito testą „Monark“ veloergometru. Testo ir atsigavimo po jo metu buvo registruojamas širdies susitraukimų dažnis naudojant „Polar“ pulso matuoklį S-810 (Suomija). Kapiliarinio kraujo mėginiai buvo imami atsigavimo metu po Vingeito testo praėjus... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] Aerobic gymnastics is one of the newest branches in gymnastics sport, when athletes must perform continuous complex and high intensity movement patterns to music, which originate from traditional aerobic steps and strength, flexibility and balance exercises. Aerobic gymnastics is characterized as an intensive physical exercise in which a number of muscle groups are actively engaged as well as both aerobic and anaerobic capacity of the body is developed. In competitive activities (lasting 2 min on average) physical properties, such as strength, flexibility, coordination must be demonstrated without rest intervals (Sports Aerobics Code of Points, 2002). Physiological responses during a competitive exercise in aerobic gymnastics were determined by Spanish scientists (Rodriguez et al., 1998), aerobic capacity and energy expenditure of aerobic gymnastics athletes of different level of training during competitive exercise were studied by R. Aleksandravičienė (2005). The aim of this study was to determine the anaerobic performance during cycling ergometry in differently trained sports aerobics women athletes. A group of Lithuanian aerobic competitors (n = 15) with different level of training were engaged as the subjects in this experiment. Their anaerobic performance was assessed by using 30 s Wingate anaerobic test. The heart rate (HR) dynamics during Wingate test and during recovery was evaluated as well. In addition, capillary blood samples were taken at 5th and 20th min of... [to full text]

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    Authors: Lasinskas, Povilas;

    The objective of the research on the formation of the ancient Russian state has been to describe the character of the economic and communal relations of the East Slavs at the time of the state formation. The 20th century historiographers have considered the formation of the ancient Russian state as the result of lengthy consolidation process of the East Slavs that took place in the 2nd half of the 1st millennium of our era. It has been proved that the Normans did not have a significant influence on the formation of the East Slavic state. Most scholars have recognized the existence of early feudal system. The wide ethnical illustration of the East Slavs has been presented, the place of the East Slavs in the system of the European nations has been determined, and their culture and daily life have been researched. The 20th century historiographers have tended to advance the genesis of the statehood of ancient Rus by several ages. The first steps in this direction were done by Grekov and Rybakov and some Lithuanian historians used the same path. Thus, the advancement of the statehood in accordance with the results of the analysis of social-economic development is characteristic to historiography. At the same time it cannot be left unnoticed that the researchers of the ancient Russian history have not reached the unanimous opinion on some principal issues. Though the diversity of opinions helps to cover more aspects of the ancient Slavs life, the contradictory conceptions (about... [to full text]

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    Authors: Maciejauskienė, Vitalija;

    The paper introduces the Lietuvos Vietovardžių Žodynas (Dictionary of Place Names), which is to appear soon. The Dictionary gives all Lithuanian place names recorded in the actual language: hydronyms, names of settlements and other place names. The origin of the place name is explicated, its derivation evaluated. It can also be considered as a standardisation book, since it gives already standardised place names. The basis of the dictionary is a record of place names, which has been collected from actual usage. The record now has about 600 thousand entries. It took several decades (in the 20th century) to collect all Lithuanian place names. From the structural point of view, the dictionary contains word families arranged alphabetically. Place names are given in families, and all items in the family are arranged alphabetically starting with the first place name. Families are compiled in accordance with their origin; i.e. all place names of the same origin enter one and the same family. The position of the place name in the family depends on the word formation type. The dictionary will be published in 10–12 volumes. The compilation of the first volume has been already started.

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