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The article aims to enhance the understanding of audience engagement and ways of its shaping in relation to permanent expositions by using the example of Tartu University Natural History Museum. We focus on the role of exhibition curators as content creators in the shaping of audience engagement. The study is informed by constructivist grounded theory and draws upon eleven semi-structured interviews with the curators of the new permanent exhibition of Tartu University Natural History Museum. In order to understand better the curators’ perspectives our analysis relies on the concept of imagined audiences and seeks to answer questions about what kind of engagement modes can be identified from the curators’ comments and what processes the latter were influenced by. The theme of museum audiences and engagement modes should already be familiar to the reader from previous Yearbooks of the Estonian National Museum (Runnel ja Pruulmann-Vengerfeldt 2012; Runnel, Lepik, Pruulmann-Vengerfeldt 2014; Lotina 2014; Rattus 2016). Earlier discussions, however, placed more emphasis to the existence of audiences and engagement modes, and were less concerned with how curatorial considerations can impact the formation of audience engagement and how this formative process may be directed. Furthermore, the earlier in-depth identification of engagement modes and examination of the interrelationships between their various aspects was underpinned by a holistic view on museum activities (Lotina 2016), while the present treatment focuses on the specific context of museum expositions. The concept of imagined audiences (Litt 2012) draws on the study of social media, but for this article we have applied its principles to a museum exposition, which is a far more static communicative environment. 40 The study answered the questions about the kind of audiences the curators who put together the permanent exhibition of Tartu University Museum of Natural History were envisioning and what factors influenced the construction of audiences as well as what engagement modes were designed for the exposition. Individuals and institutions were distinguished among the audiences, both of which were in turn comprised of more detailed groups. Building on Gidden’s theory of structuration (1984) and Litt’s notion of an imagined audience (Litt 2012) the factors influencing the curators were grouped as either structural or agential. The following modes of engagement with the permanent display emerged: teaching, attracting interest, co-operation and provisions for stakeholders. Teaching was closely interlinked with the main objective of renewing the permanent display: the intent is to create a learning environment for non-formal environmental education, and in this respect it resembled the informing mode of audience engagement identified by Lotina (2016). Attracting interest was a mode of engagement which bore similarities to the marketing engagement mode previously described by Lotina (2016). Co-operation where visitors contribute towards the fulfillment of the museum’s objectives offered limited possibilities within the context of the permanent exhibition, but it holds considerable potential in the planning of future developments of the exposition. Providing for stakeholders was reflected in the museum’s consideration of the stakeholders’ needs, and it allows the museum to develop various services. All in all, both museums and their permanent displays offer valuable material for analysing the way in which audiences and their engagement modes are shaped. A better understanding of these processes will help us expand the possibilities of engaging actual audiences. Identifying messages, audiences and activities is a natural part of the planning of any permanent exhibition; however, the content creators’ visions of the upcoming exhibition also merit a detailed examination, and thereby particular factors that favour or constrain curatorial creativity will become clearer.

This study is motivated by the need for a statistical benchmark that would help the lexicographer to judge a morphological form for its grammaticalization stage to the degree of an independent lexeme. The focus of this article is on Estonian substantives and in particular their forms in the 11 semantic cases. The main research question of this study is: is there a statistical sign indicating that a case form of a noun is emerging as a potentially independent lexeme? Based on the normal distribution of nominal case form frequencies, we established a statistic that determines a case form’s elicitation in a corpus – the distribution index (D-index). The D-index can be used as an indicator of the correspondence of a particular form’s actual frequency with the predicted elicitation degree. Artikkel tegeleb nimisõnavormide iseseisvumise küsimusega leksikograafia vajadustest lähtudes. Eeldusel, et abstraktseid käändevorme iseloomustab korpuses üldine püsiv esiletuleku proportsioon, pakume välja statistilise mõõdiku – distributsiooniindeksi, mille abil otsustada, kas sõnavormi kasutussagedus on piisav selleks, et lugeda teda paradigmast emantsipeerunuks ning seega iseseisva märksõna kandidaadiks. Indeks arvestab vormi suhtelist sagedust korpuses, võrreldes tegelikku ja normi põhjal oodatavat kasutussagedust, ning laseb samale skaalale paigutada väga erineva absoluutsagedusega juhtumeid. Artiklis illustreerime distributsiooniindeksi toimivust tavaliste rikkaliku vormistikuga nimisõnade ning ambivorme andvate sõnade vormistike võrdlusena. Seame provisoorse indeksi lävendväärtuse, millest suurema väärtusega vormi võib pidada iseseisvaks lekseemiks. Indeksit ning lävendväärtust testitakse erinevate korpuste (EtTenTen13, ÜK 2019) andmete peal.

QC 20200415

Olles huviga jälginud käimasolevat tulist diskussiooni teietamise kaotamisest, soovin järgnevaga detaile täpsustada ja keeleteadust abiks võttes mõningaid üldistusi pakkuda. Pöördumisvorme on juba aastakümneid kirjeldatud justkui kahel teljel, horisontaalselt ja vertikaalselt. Horisontaal- ehk solidaarsusteljel kujutatakse kõnetusvormide valikut selle alusel, kas kaaskõneleja on tuttav ja lähedane või võõras ja kauge. Sel puhul on tavaline sümmeetriline kõnetamine, mis puhul suhtlejad kasutavad vastastikku samu vorme. Vertikaal- ehk võimuteljele paigutuvad kasutusjuhud, mille aluseks on ühiskondlikud hierarhiad. Sellel teljel on tüüpiliseks ka asümmeetriline kõnetustava, kus alt üles kõnetatakse ühtmoodi ja ülalt alla teisiti. Juba 1960. aastal väitsid uurijad, et Euroopas on selline asümmeetriline kõnetus taandumas ning seostasid seda demokraatia levikuga....

Artiklis uurime adjektiivi morfosüntaktilisi tunnuseid jaselgitame, kuivõrd on prototüüpsele adjektiivile omistatavad tunnused(nt ühildumine, võrrete moodustamine) adjektiiviklassile eriomased.Loome neile tunnustele tuginedes parameetrid, mille abil eristamekorpuse andmete põhjal adjektiive teistest sõnaliikidest. Tüüpiliseadjektiivi korpusprofiili tuvastamise kaugem eesmärk on rakenduseloomine, mis võimaldaks leksikograafidel ebaselgete juhtumite puhulkontrollida sõna adjektiviseerumise astet. Tutvustame kuue parameetritestimise tulemust 12 sõnarühma peal, millest igaühte kuulub 10 sõna.Sõnavalikul arvestame adjektiiviklassi piiripealseid juhtumeid ja leksikograafilisi kitsaskohti. Analüüsime, mil määral hälbivad erinevadtestrühmad testitud parameetrite põhjal prototüüpsest adjektiiviklassi esindajast ning vaatleme ka variatsiooni adjektiiviklassi sees.Kõrvale kaldeanalüüs võimaldab välja selgitada parima eristusvõimegaparameetrid. Eukleidilise kauguse mõõtmine eristab hästi adjektiivisarnased sõnad ja rühmad nendest, mis sarnanevad prototüüpseleadjektiivile vähem. In the article, we examine the morphosyntactic features characteristic of the adjective class and test different parameters in the corpora to differentiate adjectives from other word classes. We provide an overview of the test results of six parameters. In the study, we analysed 12 groups of 10 words each. The test groups and test words were chosen manually, with consideration given to the problematic cases outlined by the lexicographers (Paulsen, Vainik, and Tuulik 2019). We compared different types of adjectives or near to adjectives (the test groups) as well as different word classes (the control groups). To analyse the parameters’ capability to set adjectives apart, a deviation study was conducted. The groups of particular focus (regular verb participles vs. adjectives) were best differentiated by three parameters. Among all groups, the comparative form parameter was the most accurate in the deviation study at setting prototypical adjectives apart from other test groups. A Euclidean distance analysis was able to differentiate adjective-like test words and test groups from others that do not behave similarly to prototypical adjectives. As all tested parameters produced meaningful results and were able to differentiate some word classes from adjectives, they can be input for a new digital tool that would show a word’s deviation from prototypical word class representatives to help lexicographers with word-class-related decisions.