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The research problem dealt with in the article is whether farmers can be considered entrepreneurs, what to take into consideration, what criteria might be best for determination. The research methodology is analysis of factors influencing organic farming. In December 2007 - February 2008 a quantitative research on organic farmers’ opinion, based on a questionnaire survey, was carried out in Lithuania. To ascertain farmers’ particular attitudes in detail, the questionnaire included a special part. The Malhotra’s methodology was used to identify a random sample, 459 respondents were questioned. The collected initial data were processed using the SSPS 16.0 software package. The territorial distribution of organic farmers-respondents represented the whole certification data of 2006. In modern empirical social research the validity and reliability of the survey are checked by special statistical instruments; the factorial validation technique was applied for testing quality of the scales. The subscales for respondents’ assessment were characterized by relatively high methodological quality, the internal consistency coefficients are high and reach 0.55-0.85, other controlled indices are also very good. The study has shown that only 26% of the respondents consider themselves entrepreneurs, 42% of the respondents feel being partly entrepreneurs (this number quite evenly distributed by size of family farm), 26% of the respondents opposed the statement. Most of the farmers with the largest (80 and more hectares) area consider themselves entrepreneurs and most of the small farmers (up to 10 hectares) do not; the larger the farm, the stronger this attitude. The number of organic-oriented respondents who consider themselves entrepreneurs is 1.5 times larger than the number of the profit-oriented; moreover, their motivation is stronger. Straipsnyje nagrinėjama ūkininkų kaip verslininkų sampratos įtvirtinimo problematika, kadangi tik nedidelis skaičius autorių išreiškė tvirtą nuostatą, kad ūkininko sąvoka yra tolygus verslininko sąvokai. Pastaraisiais metais moksliniuose tyrimuose vis labiau akcentuojamas tiek ūkininkų, tiek visų kaimo gyventojų verslumas. Empirinio tyrimo, kurio metu buvo apklausti 459 ekologiškai ūkininkaujantys, rezultatai atskleidė, kad pagal savo asmenines nuostatas jie skirstytini į tris grupes: jaučiasi verslininkais, iš dalies esantys verslininkais (didžiausia grupė) ir jais nesijaučiantys.

In independent Lithuania, no legal framework for the protection of the press and manuscript heritage had been created, neither had the state a targeted strategy for its protection; therefore, only the public initiative in this area provided considerable results on the public grounds, by creating museums and libraries in province. The attention of V. Biržiška, Director of the library of Vytautas Magnus University (VMU) and the Institute of Lithuanian Bibliography, towards the press heritage could be characterized by single-mindedness. By shaping the University library funds, he tried to gather there the heritage of the old Lithuanian press and manuscripts as much as possible, as it could provide an appropriate framework for the further research in Lithuanian philology. In a systematic manner V. Biržiška had been using the help of Lithuanian educators and students in the search of the press heritage since 1924.In Samogitia, he kept in touch with educators from Šiauliai and Telšiai. In Telšiai, he received some publications from Viktoras Kamantauskas, the local gymnasium teacher, and doctor Jonas Mikulskis. The library was significantly supported also by the Šiauliai State Gymnasium, which within a few years gave more than four thousand publications to the library. For eight years Jonas A. Dargis from the Barstyčiai town had been collecting and supplying old books to V. Biržiška. He mostly acted in Northern and Western Samogitia. Within less than a decade, the funds of the VMU library had been supplemented by approximately four and a half thousand publications from Samogitia, among them several quite unique. The active search of the press heritage by V. Biržiška drew public attention to old books and caused an increase of their price, which in turn determined the subsequent movement of bibliophilia.

Darbe aptariama interneto svetainių efektyvios navigacijos kūrimo principai, navigacijos veiksmingumas, navigacijos elementų vizualinis aiškumas. Taikant kontrolinio sąrašo metodą, atliktas Lietuvos universitetų svetainių navigacijos efektyvumo tyrimas. The paper discusses an effective web site navigation development principles, the effectiveness of navigation, the navigation elements of visual clarity, feedback realization. Outlining the main elements constituting an effective navigation: site orientation, site management, navigational facilities, visual design, navigation efficiency. For the purposes of the checklist approach, carried Lithuanian university Web navigation efficiency analysis.

2007 m. spalio 31 d. akademinis pasaulis neteko profesoriaus, habilituoto daktaro Algimanto Prazausko (1941–2007). A. Prazauskas 1998–2001 metais buvo VDU Tarptautinės teisės ir politikos mokslų instituto, vėliau pervadinto į Politikos mokslų ir diplomatijos institutą, direktorius, o nuo 2001 metų vadovavo Azijos studijų centrui, tačiau pagrindinė jo veikla siejama su Politologijos katedra.

Straipsnio tikslas – ištirti skaitmeninę atskirtį tarp Lietuvos Respublikos regionų (apskričių) ir pateikti indeksą, pagal kurį būtų galima nustatyti regionų atskirties nuo aukščiausio iki žemiausio eiliškumą. Straipsnyje skaitmeninė atskirtis apibrėžiama kaip atotrūkis, kuris egzistuoja tarp tų, kurie turi prieigą prie informacijos, informacinių ir ryšių technologijų (toliau – IRT), jų įrenginių, ir tų, kurie tokio priėjimo neturi. Autorius, analizuodamas skaitmeninės atskirties sampratą, sudaro LR regionų skaitmeninės atskirties reitingą ir įvertina regioninės politikos ryšį su skaitmeninės atskirties mažinimu. Vertinant skaitmeninę atskirtį LR regionuose, naudojami Lietuvos statistikos departamento duomenys apie IRT namų ūkiuose ir apie asmenis, kurie jomis naudojasi. Reikšminiai žodžiai: Regionas; Regioninė politika; Skaitmeninė atskirtis; Informacinės ir ryšių technologijos; Region; Regional policy; Digital divide; Information and communication technologies The aim of the article is to investigate digital divide between regions (counties) of the Republic of Lithuania. The main problem solving in this article is digital divide which exists between regions of the Republic of Lithuania. Therefore it is important to measure digital divide in different regions by creating an index and ranking regions of the Republic of Lithuania according it. It is analyzed conception of digital divide, created rank of digital divide in regions of the Republic of Lithuania and found a relation between regional policy and reduction of digital divide. Digital divide is defined as a gap, which exists between those, who have access to information, ICT and its devices and those, who have not. Regional statistics about information technologies of 10 regions (counties) of the Republic Lithuania were used from Lithuanian Statistics Government. Amount of digital divide in regions of the Republic of Lithuania was found after analysis of 8 variables and calculation of index. The biggest difference is apparent between county of Vilnius and county of Tauragė. The supreme progress is observed in counties, which centres are the biggest Lithuanian cities (Vilnius, Klaipėda, and Kaunas). County of Panevėžys also has a positive index. Index of other six counties is negative. The importance of rank of digital divide in the regions of the Republic of Lithuania in forming regional policy in the area of ICT development is shown in the article.

Ius cogens normos ir erga omnes įsipareigojimai yra dvi esminės sąvokos, skiriančios šiuolaikinę tarptautinę teisę nuo klasikinės. Vis dėlto kuo šios sąvokos skiriasi ir kokie yra jų pažeidimo teisiniai padariniai – iki šiol neišspręsta problema. Straipsnyje nagrinėjamas valstybių įsipareigojimo vykdyti baudžiamąjį persekiojimą dėl kankinimų teisinis statusas tarptautinėje teisėje. Mokslo darbuose ir teismų sprendimuose kankinimų draudimas visuotinai pripažįstamas kaip ius cogens normos pavyzdys. Tačiau nesutariama dėl to, ar valstybės turi tarptautinę teisinę pareigą vykdyti baudžiamąjį persekiojimą dėl asmenų, padariusių sunkius žmogaus teisių pažeidimus. Straipsnyje ginčijama, kad šis valstybių įsipareigojimas yra tarptautinės paprotinės teisės dalis. Šis įsipareigojimas išplaukia iš paties sunkių žmogaus teisių pažeidimo erga omnes pobūdžio. Ši išvada daroma apžvelgus arbitražų sprendimus dėl šio įsipareigojimo klasikinėje teisėje, išanalizavus šio įsipareigojimo reglamentavimą pagrindinėse tarptautinėse sutartyse, žmogaus teisių apsaugos institucijų praktiką, reikalaujant bausti žmogaus teises pažeidusius asmenis, bei galiausiai Tarptautinio Teisingumo Teismo sprendimus Barcelona Traction (1970 m.) ir Genocido (1996 m.) bylose. In this article, the author aims to suggest legal guidelines enabling a well argued answer that the obligation to prosecute for grave violations of human rights is a part of customary international law of an erga omnes nature. In the first part of the article the decisions of international arbitral tribunals are analysed. In the second part the Genocide convention, Geneva conventions for the protection of the victims of war, Convention against torture all of which provide for an obligation of States to prosecute are analysed. The third part considers the decisions of the UN Human rights Committee, European Court of Human Rights and the American Court of Human Rights concerning the obligation to prosecute. In their practice all of 127 these institutions acknowledge that States are subject to this obligation. This finds an especially clear expression with respect to the prohibition of torture. The article seeks to demonstrate that the most proper legal basis for this obligation would be the obligation to respect and ensure respect to the rights included in the respectful international agreements. It is alleged that separation of an obligation to respect rights from an obligation to ensure rights is artificial and that it should be read uniformly, without making a distinction between ‚respect“ and ‚ensure respect“. In the final part of the article the question whether an obligation to prosecute is of an erga omnes character is considered. The major ICJ case referred to is the... [to full text]

Epilepsy is one of the most common chronic diseases in children and it affects approximately 6.1 per 1000 children in Lithuania as of 2018 data. The onset of epilepsy most often develops in children and older adults. The condition of epilepsy may be traced to various factors and seizure symptoms can vary widely. Controlled seizures are the main goal of epilepsy management. Children with uncontrolled seizures may develop speech, language, cognitive and behavioral dysfunction epileptic encephalopathies. Effective management of epilepsy in children not only improves condition of health, but also reduces social exclusion and helps integrate into educational activities. However, even if the disease is diagnosed early and appropriate antiepileptic drug therapy is prescribed, epileptic seizures persist in 20-40% of patients. For some of these patients, surgical treatment of epilepsy, such as resection or palliative surgery, may be effective in reducing seizures. Resection of a localized epileptogenic focus is an effective treatment for appropriate refractory cases. However, not all patients are candidates for the resection, for example, in the case of multifocal or rapidly generalizing seizures without a clearly identified epileptogenic focus. One of the most effective treatment for refractory epilepsy is corpus callosotomy. The corpus callosum is the most important pathway for the spread of epileptic activity between the two hemispheres of the brain. Its cutting precludes epileptic discharges from traveling between hemispheres (i.e., generalization). Overall, long-term follow-up studies after callosotomy have shown improvement in 80-90% of patients (seizure-free or reduction). The paper describes two pediatric patients treated in Vilnius University Hospital Santara Clinics, Department of Pediatric Neurology and Neurosurgery, who underwent a corpus callosotomy, and compares the outcome of these clinical cases with the results of recent clinical trials.

Akmuo yra vienas iš daiktų Rainerio Marios Rilke’s žmogaus pasaulyje, kuris pasižymi išskirtiniu simboliniu daiktiškumu, šio fenomeno meditacija, persmelkta kūrybinių „aš“ galių. Kaip egzistencinė būties dalis ir šventuma, daiktai pripažįstami ir šlovinami giesmės intonacijomis. Daiktų ir žmogaus santykis iškyla kaip laikiškai štai-būčiai ir metafizinei paslapčiai atsiverianti tikrovė. IX Rilke’s Duino elegijoje žmogaus būtis suvokiama kaip prasmė pavadinti daiktus: „Esam čia gal tik tam, kad ištartu­me: namas, / tiltas, šulinys, vartai, ąsotis, vaismedis, langas, – / kilniau: kolona, bokštas...“ (R i lk e 1996, 299). Per šiuos ir kitus daiktus jutimiškai patiriamas pasaulis yra galimybė autentiškam santykiui su būtimi, sakralumo ištikčiai. Kita vertus, ir patys daiktai yra savaiminė vertybė, prie kurios priartėti žmogui leidžia ypatinga kalbos patirtis. Apie daiktiškojo Rilke’s pasaulio simboliškumą kalbėjo ne vienas poeto kritikas. Iš daugiaprasmės poeto simbolikos šioje publikacijoje linkstama į teopoetinį krikščioniškojo pasaulio reikšmių lauką . Tai lemia aptariami tekstai – eilėraščiai iš Valandų knygos (Das Stundenbuch). Šioje pranciškoniškosios, subjektyviai krikščioniškosios (žmogiškąjį ir daiktiškąjį subjektyvumą suabsoliutinančios) dvasios knygoje akmens ir akmeniškumo yra gausu. Žmogaus būčiai suvokti akmuo pasirenkamas ir kuriamas kaip gamtos ir Biblijos daiktas. Šios publikacijos tikslas – ne tiek išsamus tyrimas, kiek „akmeninių“ Valandų knygos eilėraščių... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] Stone is one of the things in the world of Rilke’s man. The aim of the present publication is to comment on several poems from “The Book of Hours” presenting new translations into the Lithuanian language. For the comments we have chosen the poetical semantic field of the Christian world from polysemous poet’s symbolism. It is conditioned by the collection itself. In the poems “Jetzt reifen schon die roten Berberitze” and “Da trat ich als ein Pilger ein” stone becomes the metaphor of God. In the poem “Wenn etwas mir vom Fenster fällt” stone allows the verification of the world order and the assurance in its existence and meaning. The poems “Sie sind es nicht“ and “Du bist der Arme, du der Mittellose” are related by the symbolism of stone expressing divine poverty. In the poem “Du bist das Kloster zu den Wundenmalen” stone speaks about the polysemy of a cloister. The stone world of a cloister as God’s house symbolizes the nature of the relation between human and God. In this and other texts, stone and language appear as the ways to get closer to the essence, the possibility to listen to and hear. In the poem “Und seine Sorgfalt ist uns wie ein Alb” stone and silence point to the divine incognizability. In the poem “Mach mich zum Wächter deiner Weiten” stone is not only a part of the building but a spot of silence that allows hearing. Quite a few poems of “The Book of Hours” have the spirit of pilgrimage.

Šio tyrimo tikslas – išsiaiškinti, kaip darbuotojai vertina gandus organizacijoje. Taikyta tyrimo duomenų rezultatų analizė, apdorojimo ir interpretavimo metodai, kiekybinio tipo apklausa bei mokslinės literatūros analizė ir sisteminimas. Sąvokos gandas apibrėžimuose akcentuojami skirtingi dalykai. Tai lemia mokslo sričių atstovų pozicija. Sociologijos požiūriu, pabrėžtini šie visuomenei svarbūs gandų funkcionavimo elementai: gando subjektai, socialinė aplinka, kurioje tie gandai plinta, gandų tipai ir įvairių socialinių grupių imlumas jiems, pagaliau – socialinės kontrolės galimybės. Svarbu nustatyti ir gandų kilimo bei funkcionavimo sistemą, jų socialinę organizaciją ir sklaidą, tačiau tai padaryti trukdo sunkumai, kuriuos lemia pati gando prigimtis. The aim of the research is to find out how the employees view rumours in organization. This research employs survey data results analysis, processing and interpretation methods, quantitative survey, and analysis and systematization of scientific literature. Definitions of rumours emphasize different aspects – this results from differences in viewpoints of scholars. Sociologically, the following components of functioning of rumours, which are important to society, are notable: subjects of rumours, social environment in which rumours spread, types of rumours, susceptibility of various social groups to rumours, and social control possibilities. It is also important to identify the system of origination and functioning of rumours, their social arrangement and spread, but this is hindered by difficulties caused by the very nature of rumours.