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In this paper an exhaustive singularity analysis of a 3RRR planar parallel robot is performed. The Jacobian matrix using the Screw theory is obtained and an effective method for singular configurations analysis based on a condition index of the Jacobian matrix is presented. Finally, a new similarity law that allows the workspace optimization free of singular configurations and the working mode selection is presented. Furthermore, MATLAB as a testing tool and programming language is used.

This paper presents how the COVID-19 pandemic has changed the course of the mobile robotics market, showing the status of mobile robots in three stages: before, during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. By analyzing these stages, it is possible to estimate what awaits this market in the future. From the many applications of mobile robots found during the COVID- 19 pandemic, as will be shown later, it is clear that mobile robots will be an important part of the future influencing the accelerated growth of their market and development.

In this paper a theoretical model of sustainable behavior is developed. Through this theoretical model, that we have called Commitment Model Applied to Social Marketing, we propose to establish a relation between the use of social marketing strategies from an integrative perspective and the consumer engagement or commitment. The methodology used has been a literature review about some of the most important social marketing and engagement theories. To explain how to apply the model we have used the case method, through the study of the non profit organization: “Coordinadora de Lucha contra la Droga, Barrio Vivo” (“Coordinator for Combating Drugs, Living Neighborhood”), in Algeciras, a city in the of South-East of the province of Cádiz, in the area denominated Campo de Gibraltar. This area has experienced a dramatic amount of drug consumption by a significant part of its youth population, facilitated by its geographical proximity to North Africa.

This article presents an investigation about the different applications of mobile robots in the fight against the Covid- 19 pandemic. It shows the different contributions of companies around the world that seek to adapt to the new needs in order to be able to mitigate the progress of the Covid-19 using mobile robots as a tool, focusing primarily in the area of health and service.

In this abstract, I discuss a psychoanalytic framework for understanding loss and grieving in Salvadoran patients. e framework is inductively derived through years of practice with patients. I begin with a presentation of case types and then describe concepts of “biosimilar”, the horizon of continuities, and the assemblage as they relate to the case types. ese concepts provide a theoretical reference point upon which I have inductively come to understand and structure treatment for grieving patients.

En la industria salvadoreña pueden encontrarse empresarios y microempresarios que no tienen los recursos para fabricar botellas de plástico con diseños estilizados que los diferencien de otras marcas y productos, lo que les impide escalar a otros segmentos de mercado o mercados internacionales, frenando el crecimiento de sus negocios. Una posible causa es que la fabricación de moldes de soplado requiere una inversión inicial muy costosa. Sin embargo, existen alternativas como la fabricación de moldes de bajo rendimiento, que tienen una resolución más baja y un tiempo de vida más corto, pero, al mismo tiempo, ofrecen como beneficio un menor costo de fabricación y, por lo tanto, un menor costo de adquisición para el empresario, posibilitando la producción de botellas estilizadas a conveniencia. Entre las diversas formas de fabricar moldes de bajo rendimiento está la técnica de ingeniería inversa, que requiere un equipo de creación rápida de prototipos. Este artículo describe el procedimiento de ingeniería inversa para generar el molde para soplado. Con el diseño disponible se imprimió el molde necesario y con esto se fabricaron las botellas, que se escanearon para verificar con el programa de computadora sus dimensiones comparándolas con el archivo original del molde. Simultáneamente, los contenedores se verificaron en el laboratorio de metrología industrial para validar los resultados de la computadora, estos resultados se presentan en el documento.//In the Salvadoran industry, we can find entrepreneurs and microentrepreneurs who do not have the resources to make plastic bottles with stylized designs that differentiate them from other brands and products, which prevents them from escalating to other market segments or international markets, slows the growth of their business. One possible cause is that the manufacture of blow molds requires a very expensive initial investment. However, there are alternatives such as the manufacture of low-run molds, which have lower resolution and shorter life time, but, at the same time, offer as a benefit a lower manufacturing cost and, therefore, lower acquisition cost for the entrepreneur, opening in this way the opportunity to be able to produce stylized bottles at convenience. Among the various ways to manufacture low-run molds, there is the reverse engineering technique, which requires rapid prototyping equipment. This article describes the reverse engineering procedure to generate the mold for blowing. With the available design the necessary mold was printed and with this, the bottles were manufactured, which were scanned to verify with computer program their dimensions comparing them against the original mold file. Simultaneously, the containers were verified in the industrial metrology laboratory to validate the computer results, these results are presented in the document.

Objective: In this article, we present the conceptual development of a robotics platform, called ALICE (Assistive Lower Limb Controlled Exoskeleton), for kinetic and kinematic gait characterization. The ALICE platform includes a robotics wearable exoskeleton and an on-board muscle driven simulator to estimate the user’s kinetic parameters. Background: Even when the kinematics patterns of the human gait are well studied and reported in the literature, there exists a considerable intra-subject variability in the kinetics of the movements. ALICE aims to be an advanced mechanical sensor that allows us to compute real-time information of both kinetic and kinematic data, opening up a new personalized rehabilitation concept. Methodology: We developed a full muscle driven simulator in an open source environment and validated it with real gait data obtained from patients diagnosed with multiple sclerosis. After that, we designed, modeled, and controlled a 6 DoF lower limb exoskeleton with inertial measurement units and a position/velocity sensor in each actuator. Significance: This novel concept aims to become a tool for improving the diagnosis of pathological gait and to design personalized robotics rehabilitation therapies. Conclusion: ALICE is the first robotics platform automatically adapted to the kinetic and kinematic gait parameters of each patient. Peer reviewed

This paper examines how a literary national canon is consolidated excluding the study of the most important Native language of the country. Adapting Natives to a folkloric figure and assimilating Otherness to the Same, Nahuat-Pipil linguistic legacy was ignored during the 20th century. The paper reveals a huge disparity between foreign and Salvadoran linguistics. It outlines a scientific discrepancy, as well as it sketches the nationalistic perspectives that timidly approach the study of the Nahuat-Pipil language: P. Arauz (1926/1960) T. Fidias Jiménez (1935), J. Todd (1953), M. de Baratta (1959), P. Geoffroy Rivas (1961). Salvadoran artistic canon invents the figure of a Native without a mother tongue. Indeed, two foreigners accomplished the main grammatical and mythological compilations: Leonhard Schultze-Jena (1935) and Lyle Campbell (1985). For this reason, the advance of Nahuatl-Mexicano studies —with more than four hundred and fifty works (M. León- Portilla in T. Sullivan, 1976) — has barely affected Salvadoran monolingual canon. At the verge of the civil war, the Native’s image was reduced to an ancient inhabitant of Atlantis (Salarrué, 1974) or to a guerrilla fighter (Dalton, 1974), according to the philosophy and politics of the author. Nowadays, despite a new intellectual sphere, current works on Native linguistics (R. Andrews (2003), M. Launay (1994), J. Lockhart (2001), etc.), and ethno-history (L. Matthew and S. Romero, 2012) have not yet produced a radical change in the viewpoint that Salvadoran intellectual history bestows on Nahuat-Pipil language and literature. As a political being —but barely gifted with language— Nahuat-Pipil research is still missing, despite the rise of Central American Cultural Studies. Its hermeneutics —grammatical categories, syntax and poetics— continue to be unexplored.